Appendices PART A

ISBN	 978-1-921466-10-6

© Department for Environment & Heritage, GPO Box 1047, Adelaide 5001

June, 2009

Cover design and photography
Cover design by DEH Corporate Communications Branch. Beautiful Firetail (Stagonopleura bella) photo by David Paton. Restored grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa) grassy woodland photo by David Robertson (from Restoration of Grassy Woodland – Watiparinga Reserve Management Plan 1999).

Disclaimers
The opinions expressed in this document are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.
This recovery plan sets out the actions necessary to stop the decline of, and support the recovery of, threatened species and ecological communities in the planning area. The Australian Government is committed to acting in accordance with the plan and to implementing the plan as it applies to Commonwealth areas.
The plan has been developed with the involvement and cooperation of a broad range of stakeholders, but the making or adoption of this plan does not necessarily indicate the commitment of individual stakeholders to undertaking any specific actions. The attainment of objectives and the provision of funds may be subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved. Proposed actions may be subject to modification over the life of the plan due to changes in knowledge and a review of the analyses contained in this plan.

Citation
Willson, A. and Bignall, J. (2009) Regional Recovery Plan for Threatened Species and Ecological Communities of Adelaide and the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.

A Recovery Plan prepared under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Table of Contents

1. Consultation and Stakeholders
1.1 Electronic Distribution Networks
1.2 Summary of Key Stakeholders
1.3 Land Management Agency Administrative Areas
2. Chronological Snapshot of the AMLR Region
3. Legislation and Planning
3.1 Relevant Legislation
3.2 EPBC Act Recovery Plan Requirements
3.3 International Obligations
3.4 Key State Planning Relationships
3.5 Recovery Plan Status (Flora)
3.6 Recovery Plan Status (Fauna)
3.7 Recovery Plan Status (Ecological Communities)
4. Project Planning and Methodology
4.1 Project Planning Model
4.2 Species Data Processing Model
4.3 Flora Species Inclusion Process
4.4 Regional Vulnerability Groups (Methodology)
4.5 Ecological Community Inclusion and Prioritisation
5. Excluded Flora Species
6. Excluded Fauna Species
7. Summary of Vulnerability, Level of Knowledge, Broad Vegetation Groups and Habitat Specialisation (Flora)
8. Summary of Vulnerability, Level of Knowledge, Broad Vegetation Groups and Habitat Specialisation (Fauna)
9. Recovery Management & Research
9.1 Flora Species
9.2 Fauna Species
10. Broad Vegetation Groups
10.1 Descriptions
10.2 Vegetation Associations
11. Threat Analysis
11.1 Threat Terminology and Categorisation
11.2 Threat Rating Criteria
11.3 Threat Analysis Limitations
12. Threatening Weeds (by Broad Vegetation Group)
References

1.	Consultation and Stakeholders

1.1	Electronic Distribution Networks
The project was promoted in the following existing newsletters and electronic distribution lists:
•	Echidna Express - e-publication of the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges NRM Board
•	Conservation Council of SA Briefs
•	Conservation Council of SA E-bulletin
•	Xanthopus - newsletter of the Nature Conservation Society SA
•	MLR Grassy Woodland Network Newsletter
•	DEH News - internal e-newsletter for DEH staff
•	AMLR NRM email distribution list (co-ordinated by DWLBC)
•	SA MDB NRM email distribution list (co-ordinated by SAMDBNRM)

1.2	Summary of Key Stakeholders

National	
Australian Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and Arts		
Threatened Species Scientific Committee		
State	
Department for Environment and Heritage	
Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation 	
Department of Transport Energy and Infrastructure		
Primary Industries and Resources South Australia 	
Country Fire Service	
Conservation Council of SA		
SA Water		
Threatened Species Network		
Non-government Environmental and allied Organisations	
Field Naturalists’ Society	
Greening Australia  SA Inc	
Native Orchid Society of South Australia	
Nature Conservation Society of SA	
Nature Foundation SA Inc	
SA Native Fish Association	
South Australian Farmers Federation	
Threatened Plant Action Group	
Threatened Species Network	
Trees for Life 	
Weed Management Society SA	
Regional		
Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resource Management Board 	
AMLR NRM Sub groups (see below)	
Various Environmental Community Groups, e.g. Landcare Groups, Catchment Groups, Local Action Planning Groups, Friends of Parks 	
Adjoining regions		
South Australian Murray Darling Basin Natural Resource Management (NRM) Board	
Northern and Yorke NRM Board	
South East NRM Board	
DEH Murraylands and South-East Regions	
Regionally relevant Conservation/Recovery Programs and staff	
Mount Lofty Ranges Southern Emu-wren and Fleurieu Peninsula Swamps Recovery Program	
Bandicoot Project Officer (SADEH)	
Southern Emu-wren/Fleurieu Peninsula Swamps Recovery Program	
Murraylands Threatened Species Project	
SAMDB Threatened Flora Project Officer, Environment & Biodiversity Services	
OBP Survey Co-ordinator	
Lofty Block Orchid Recovery Project	
Lofty Block Threatened Orchid Recovery Project	
Hindmarsh Tiers Biodiversity Group	
Program Leader & MDBC Native Fish Strategy Coordinator PIRSA	
South Para Biodiversity Project	
Urban Forest Biodiversity Program/ Million Trees Program	
Ecologist, River Murray Corridor Fauna	
Ecologist, Threatened Mallee Birds	
SA Water, Land Management Manager	
ForestrySA, Coordinator Community Programs	
Local Government (see below for full list)	
Indigenous Groups 	
Four Nations Governance Group (Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri, Ngadjuri, Peramangk and Nganguraku)	
Research Institutions		
University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences 	
Flinders University, School of Biological Sciences	
University of South Australia, School of Natural and Built Environments	

1.3	Land Management Agency Administrative Areas
The following list shows the major land management agencies within the AMLR region.

Land Management Agency	Area	
AMLR NRM Board		
Southern Group	Whole	
Fleurieu Group	Whole	
Central Group	Whole	
Northern Group	Whole	
MDB NRM Board		
Ranges to River Group	Partial	
DEH		
Adelaide Region (Southern Lofty District)	Whole	
Adelaide Region (Fleurieu District)	Whole	
Adelaide Region (Northern Lofty District)	Majority	
Murraylands Region (Mallee District)	Partial	
Murraylands Region(Riverland District)	Partial	
South-East Region (Coorong District)	Partial	
Urban Forests Biodiversity Program	Whole	
Forestry SA		
Mount Lofty Ranges Region	Majority	
SA Water		
Local Government Area		
Adelaide City Council	Whole	
Adelaide Hills Council	Whole	
Alexandrina Council	Partial	
Campbelltown City Council	Whole	
City of Burnside	Whole	
City of Charles Sturt	Whole	
City of Holdfast Bay	Whole	
City of Marion	Whole	
City of Mitcham	Whole	
City of Onkaparinga	Whole	
City of Playford	Whole	
City of Port Adelaide Enfield	Whole	
City of Salisbury	Whole	
City of Tea Tree Gully	Whole	
City of Unley	Whole	
City of Victor Harbor	Whole	
City of West Torrens	Whole	
Light Regional Council	Partial	
Mid Murray Council	Partial	
The Barossa Council	Majority	
The City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters	Whole	
The City of Prospect	Whole	
The Corporation Of The Town of Walkerville	Whole	
The District Council of Mallala	Partial	
The District Council of Mount Barker	Whole	
The District Council of Yankalilla	Whole	
The Rural City of Murray Bridge	Partial	
Town of Gawler	Whole	

2.	 Chronological Snapshot of the AMLR Region

1836 – 1860	•	The site to become the city ‘Adelaide’ decided on December 31, 1836 by Colonel Light.10 
•	By 1840, a number of villages established outside the parklands fringe. Pioneer pastoralists spread beyond the bounds of surveyed land, running flocks of sheep across the open grassy woodlands of the Adelaide Plains.10
•	Dingo, kangaroo, emu and wallaby hunts occurred across the plains.17 
•	In the early 1840’s, parcels of land known as ‘hundreds’ established to promote farming.17  
•	The open woodlands of the Adelaide Plains (extending from Mclaren Vale north to the Gawler River) and adjoining hills heavily cleared and replaced with crops and pastures. The stringy bark forests of the eastern MLR were felled for timber to build houses and fences.7,10,17
•	By the late 1840’s, Adelaide was well-established and major settlements extended south along the coastal plain and east across the MLR. Vines were planted in the Barossa Valley and southern vales districts.10,17
•	By 1860, an estimated 145,000ha around Adelaide was under cultivation.3 The population of Adelaide was over 40,000.18	
1861 - 1900	•	Timber licences were issued between Rapid Bay and Encounter Bay on the southern Fleurieu in 1861.18
•	Coastal foreshores and the banks of rivers and lakes reserved for public use from the 1860s.17
•	In 1869 two fox cubs were given to the Adelaide Hunt. By 1888, foxes were well established along the Coorong.17
•	By 1880, remaining stands of black forest (Eucalyptus microcarpa) which occurred on the south-eastern foot slopes were mostly cleared.3,12  The Adelaide plains noticeably lacked any form of native vegetation cover.17 
•	By the early 1860’s rabbits were common in parts of Adelaide Hills, and quickly spread across the region.17
•	By the late 1800’s, commercial fishers supplying the Adelaide Market had noticed a decline in native fish stocks in the Murray River.17 
•	Belair was made a National Park in 1891 (the 2nd National Park adopted in Australia).10	

1901 - 1946 
	•	By 1914, suburban housing extended three-kilometres around the parkland belt, with other separate growth areas clustered around Port Adelaide, Glenelg, Henley Beach, Grange, Mitcham, Woodville and Magill. The surrounding plains had become an intensive horticultural production zone including vegetables, fruit and vines.10
•	A significant housing boom followed the end of World War I. By 1920, the population of Adelaide had reached 200,000. Only a few significant areas of vegetation remained in the MLR. Urban expansion continued well into the 1930’s, mainly to the south and east of the city. A suburban strip through Woodville linked the Adelaide city with Port Adelaide.10
•	The late 1930’s saw concentrated clearing of the Fleurieu Peninsula. Knowledge of trace element deficiencies in the 1940’s promoted agricultural development of lands previously considered unfavourable.18
•	The population rose steadily to around 400,000 by the end of World War II in 1946.3
•	Much of the remaining forest in the MLR, including Belair National Park, burnt during the 1939 fires.10	
1947 - present	•	Improvements in ploughs and fertilisers saw clearing expand to areas of naturally nutrient poor soils.10 The remaining undeveloped Adelaide Plains and alluvial fans along the foothills were surrendered to a low density housing explosion after World War II. Nearly all the market gardens, orchards and vineyards on the plains were displaced by 1957.10 The coastline was developed from Brighton to Outer Harbour.3 
•	The 1955 ‘Black Sunday’ fires spread across the Mount Lofty Ranges over a total area of 40,000ha. Another significant fire event occurred in 1957.3
•	The outer-towns of Elizabeth and Noarlunga were created in the 1950’s and 60’s to cope with the housing demands and anticipated future growth of South Australia’s capital.10 Between 1960 and 1980, development focus shifted to the Hills Face Zone.14
•	Of about 240,000ha of native vegetation in 1945 in the southern MLR, less than 90,000ha remained by 1980. Only 3 significant stands of native vegetation remained in 1980.10
•	A significant fire event occurred in the Adelaide Hills in 1980, followed by the ‘Ash Wednesday’ fires of February 1983 (the worst on record in SA) which burnt 2,714ha of parks and reserves in the MLR.17 Bushfires also occurred in 1986, 1995, 1996, 1998.3
•	Regulations were adopted under the Planning Act in the 1970’s, and strengthened in 1983 to control vegetation clearance.17 The Native Vegetation Management Act was introduced in 1985, superseded by the Native Vegetation Act 1991, seeing the end to broad-scale vegetation clearance.10
•	By 1990, the population had reached one million.10
•	An urban boundary for Adelaide was introduced in 2002 to manage urban growth around the outer limits of metropolitan Adelaide. The boundary was expanded in 2007 to help meet urban development needs.8,9	

3.	
Legislation and Planning
3.1	Relevant Legislation
There are numerouss Acts of Parliament relevant to this plan. The principal Acts are described in the main body of this plan (Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 and the Native Vegetation Act 1991). Other relevant legislation is described below.
Natural Resources Management Act 2004
The State’s Natural Resources Management Act 2004 (NRM Act) provides the legislative framework for the sustainable and integrated management of the State's natural resources. The NRM Act replaces and updates the Animal and Plant Control Act 1986, Soil Conservation and Land Care Act 1989 and Water Resources Act 1997, and has resulted in the amendment of a further 15 state NRM related Acts.
Key regulatory functions of the NRM Act include the ability to control water use through prescription, allocations and restrictions; and the requirement to control pest plants and animals, and activities that might result in land degradation. A ‘duty of care’ is a fundamental component of this Act, i.e. ensuring one’s environmental and civil obligation by taking reasonable steps to prevent land and water degradation. Persons can be prosecuted if they are considered negligent in meeting their obligations. 
Established under the NRM Act is a peak advisory body, the NRM Council, and eight regionally based, community-driven NRM Boards.  The guiding document for NRM is the State Natural Resources Management Plan 2006.6 Each regional NRM Board is required to prepare a regional NRM Plan with associated Investment Strategies. A draft regional NRM plan has been developed for the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Region.1 Where a water resource is prescribed the NRM Act requires that a water allocation plan is prepared by the relevant NRM Board. 
Development Act 1993
In accordance with Section 37 of the State’s Development Act and Regulation 24 of the Development Regulations (Part 5), planning authorities are required to refer certain types of development applications to other agencies for specialist advice. 
Advice is sought from the Native Vegetation Council (NVC) regarding applications for land sub-division, where the development may impact on native vegetation. However, the decisions made by local councils and the Development Assessment Commission (DAC) may go against the advice of the NVC. Any approved development within an area of intact native vegetation is subject to the regulations of the NV Act.
The Coast Protection Board (CPB) establishes whether land and any development on it is likely to affect or be affected by coastal processes including storm surge flooding and short or long-term changes in the coastline's position.  The CPB can recommend development applications along the coast be rejected if, for example, the development impinges on the conservation of coastal, estuarine and marine habitats. 
Environment Protection Act 1993
The State’s Environment Protection Act 1993 (EP Act) is administered by the Environment Protection Authority to provide for the protection of the environment; control actions that will or might result in pollution; and prepare the State of Environment Report.
Coast Protection Act 1972
The State’s Coast Protection Act 1972 (CP Act) is administered by the Department for Environment and Heritage to protect the coast from erosion, deterioration, pollution or misuse on both private and public land and to engage in environmental restoration. The Coast Protection Board is the primary authority and prescribed body in South Australia managing coastal protection issues and providing advice on coastal development.
The CP Act is currently under review. It is anticipated that the new Act will establish a Coastal Board, provide the statutory basis for marine plans, and interacts with and informs the Development Act 1993, the NRM Act 2004 and other coast and marine resource use legislation.

Crown Lands Act 1929
The State’s Crown Lands Act 1929 (CL Act) regulates the use of crown land under the care of local government (e.g. cemetery reserves, water reserves, stone reserves and parklands). Numerous sub-populations of the species in this plan occur on CL Act reserves. Crown land under the care of local government can be proclaimed as Conservation Reserves under the CL Act, and managed for biodiversity conservation purposes.
Forestry Act 1950
The State’s Forestry Act 1950 (FA Act) regulates the use of land gazetted for the purpose of forestry. Forestry SA manages large areas of native vegetation in the Mount Lofty Ranges, which contain populations of species in this plan. Native Forest Reserves can be proclaimed under the FA Act for purposes relating to the conservation and management of land supporting flora and fauna. 
Fisheries Management Act 2007
Management and regulation of fishing in South Australia comes under the State’s Fisheries Management Act 2007 (FM Act). This Act replaces the Fisheries Act 1982. The FM Act regulates the fishing of protected species and protected areas. Some of the freshwater fish included in this plan are fully protected from fishing activities. Penalties apply if offences are committed. The FM Act also provides for a more ecosystem-based approach to managing fisheries, with conservation objectives, risk-based assessments of potential impacts on the ecosystem and tools to protect fish habitats. A Fisheries Council is established under the Act to provide advice to the Minister in relation to fisheries management for commercial, recreational and traditional indigenous use.
River Murray Act 2003 
This act provides for the protection and enhancement of the Murray River and its tributaries within South Australia. The objectives of the act relate to river health, environmental flow, water quality and human use.
Native Title Act 1993 
Generally the Commonwealth’s Native Title Act 1993 (NT Act) requires certain assessment procedures to be followed prior to undertaking activities. The relevant provisions of the NT Act will be considered before undertaking any future acts that might affect Native Title. Procedures under the NT Act are additional to those required to comply with the State’s Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988.  
The requirements of the NT Act only apply to land where Native Title rights and interests may exist. When implementing any recovery actions in this plan where there has been no Native Title determination, or where there has been no clear extinguishment of Native Title, there will be consideration of the possibility that Native Title may continue to exist. This plan will be adopted and released subject to any Native Title rights and interests that may continue in relation to the land and/or waters. Content in this plan is not intended to affect Native Title.

3.2	EPBC Act Recovery Plan Requirements
The EPBC Act and its accompanying regulations stipulate specific information that must be included in a recovery plan adopted by the Minister. While the Act requires specific information for each species or community, the Act does provide the option of developing multi-species recovery plans where feasible. These may cover a range of species/communities that occur in the same area or a number of species that have closely related requirements based on their habitats, threats or recovery actions. Although these guidelines do not specifically address regional recovery plans, this plan and others being prepared under regional pilot projects will test whether regional recovery plans can meet the requirements for adoption under the EPBC Act. 
The EPBC Act requires ‘habitat critical to survival of species’ to be identified. Regional recovery plans cater for large numbers of species and diverse taxa; consequently there are significant challenges in identifying ‘habitat critical to survival of species’ specific enough to be useful for formulating meaningful management actions. In this respect, this plan’s approach is multi-scaled. Species’ threats, distribution patterns and habitat at the broad ecological community level were analysed and summarised in a variety of ways to define management requirements. Species-specific details have been presented in a ‘profile’ for each species based on the best available data and knowledge (see Appendices Part B).
Plans may cover a combination of species/communities listed under the EPBC Act and relevant State legislation, in such cases the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts will only adopt the plan in relation to those species listed under the EPBC Act.
As per the EPBC Act’s recovery planning guidelines, this plan is not intended to be a detailed implementation plan. This plan specifies management actions directly related to achieving the objectives, however the specific details of these actions (e.g. scientific or technical information, specific information on nature of research to be undertaken or experimental design) may be organisational and/or site-dependent. To aid implementation however, more detailed analysis will be provided for in separate operational documents and products.
In preparing a recovery plan liaison between the authors of the plan and a broad range of interested parties is required. Before a plan is made or adopted by the Commonwealth Minister under the EPBC Act there must be an opportunity for input by the general public. A recovery plan must identify interests that will be affected by the plan’s implementation. In developing a recovery plan it is necessary to ensure that there is consultation with relevant indigenous people that have an interest in the species’/communities and where they occur.
While preparing this plan, DEH conducted the community consultation in line with Commonwealth requirements. The draft plan was circulated within State Government prior to being made available for a three month public comment period by AGDEWHA. Details of the consultation process, and comments received during the consultation period are provided to the Commonwealth Minister for consideration at the time of submitting the plan for adoption.

3.3	International Obligations
There are a number of international agreements and conventions that are relevant to this plan.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
A number of species covered by this plan are listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES has established a world-wide system of controls on international trade in threatened wildlife. The legislative basis for meeting Australia's responsibilities under CITES is now provided by Part 13A of the EPBC Act. The actions identified in this plan are consistent with Australia’s obligations under CITES.
Convention on Biological Diversity
Australia is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The primary aims of the CBD are the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The CBD emphasises the need for in situ conservation measures, and promotes the recovery of threatened species. The main implementation tools for the Convention are national strategies, plans or programs. This recovery plan is consistent with Australia’s obligations under the CBD. 
Agreements and Convention on Migratory Species
Some of the bird species included in this plan are migratory. The following bilateral agreements provide a formal framework for the conservation of migratory birds of the East Asian - Australasian Flyway. All migratory bird species listed in these bilateral agreements are protected in Australia as matters of national environmental significance under the EPBC Act. 
•	Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (JAMBA),
•	China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (CAMBA),
•	Republic of Korea Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (ROKAMBA).
Australia has also encouraged multilateral cooperation for migratory bird conservation through the Partnership for the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.
The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS/Bonn Convention) is an intergovernmental treaty aimed to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range.
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
The Ramsar Convention encourages the designation of sites containing representative, rare or unique wetlands, or wetlands that are important for conserving biological diversity. Once designated these sites are added to the Convention's List of Wetlands of International Importance and become known as Ramsar sites. In designating a wetland as a Ramsar site, countries agree to manage the wetlands in a way that ensures their internationally important ecological values and character are maintained or improved over time. The Coorong and Lakes Alexandrina and Albert which border the AMLR region are Ramsar listed. The implementation of Australia’s international environmental responsibilities is not adversely affected by this plan.

3.4	Key State Planning Relationships
(Source: adapted from the State NRM Plan6)

Sets a policy framework

Must take account of

To be consistent with

Recovery Plans

Biodiversity Plans

Other regional natural resource related plans/strategies

Biodiversity related international agreements e.g. Ramsar

Biodiversity Strategy

No Species Loss

Indicators

Council Strategic Plans and Development Plans

Planning Strategy

South Australia’s Strategic Plan 2005-2015

Water Allocation Plans

REGIONAL NRM PLAN

STATE NRM PLAN

National NRM related programs e.g. Caring for Our Country

3.5	Recovery Plan Status (Flora)
Note: for flora species included in the plan only.
Scientific name	Common name	EPBC SPRAT*	NATIONAL PLAN	STATE PLAN (SA)	INTER-STATE PLAN	REGIONAL PLAN (SA)	
Acacia menzelii	Menzel's Wattle					 (current non-AMLR)	
Acacia pinguifolia	Fat-leaf Wattle		 (in prep)			 (current non-AMLR)	
Acacia rhetinocarpa	Resin Wattle					 (current non-AMLR)	
Caladenia argocalla	White Beauty Spider-orchid			 (not current)		 (current AMLR)	
Caladenia behrii	Pink-lip Spider-orchid			 (not current)		 (current AMLR)	
Caladenia colorata	Coloured Spider-orchid					 (current non-AMLR)	
Caladenia gladiolata	Bayonet Spider-orchid					 (current AMLR)	
Caladenia ovata	Kangaroo Island Spider-orchid					 (not current non-AMLR)	
Caladenia rigida	Stiff White Spider-orchid					 (current AMLR)	
Calochilus campestris	Plains Beard-orchid				 (current)		
Correa calycina var. calycina	Hindmarsh Correa					 (not current non-AMLR, different ssp.)	
Cullen parvum	Small Scurf-pea		 (not current)				
Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii	Osborn's Eyebright		 (draft)		 (not current)	 (not current non-AMLR)	
Glycine latrobeana	Clover Glycine			 (draft)	 (current)		
Microtis atrata	Yellow Onion-orchid				Yes (current)		
Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa	Silver Daisy-bush					  (draft non-AMLR)	
Paracaleana disjuncta	Black-beak Duck-orchid		 (draft)				
Prasophyllum fitzgeraldii	Fitzgerald's Leek-orchid				 (not current)		
Prasophyllum murfetii					 (not current)		
Prostanthera eurybioides	Monarto Mintbush		 (in prep)	 (not current)		 (current non-AMLR)	
Pterostylis arenicola	Sandhill Greenhood					 (current non-AMLR)	
Pterostylis bryophila	Hindmarsh Greenhood					 (current AMLR)	
Pterostylis cucullata ssp. sylvicola	Leafy Greenhood				Yes (current)	 (current AMLR)	
Tecticornia flabelliformis	Bead Samphire		 (draft)			 (draft non-AMLR)	
Thelymitra mucida					 (current)		
Thelymitra cyanapicata	Blue Top Sun-orchid						
Only species with an existing recovery plan or EPBC SPRAT profile have been included in the list
* EPBC SPRAT profile refers to species listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, which have information available on the Species Profile and Threats (SPRAT) Database: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

3.6	
Recovery Plan Status (Fauna)
Note: for fauna species included in the plan only.
Scientific name	Common name	EPBC SPRAT*	NATIONAL PLAN	STATE PLAN (SA)	INTER-STATE PLAN	ACTION PLAN^ 	
Acanthiza iredalei rosinae	Slender-billed Thornbill (SVG ssp.)						
Aphelocephala leucopsis leucopsis	Southern Whiteface (eastern)						
Aprasia pseudopulchella	Flinders Ranges Worm-lizard						
Austrelaps labialis	Pygmy Copperhead						
Botaurus poiciloptilus	Australasian Bittern						
Cercartetus concinnus	Western Pygmy-possum				 (not current)		
Cinclosoma punctatum anachoreta	Spotted Quail-thrush						
Craterocephalus fluviatilis	Murray hardyhead		(draft)			(SA, draft)	
Gadopsis marmoratus	River blackfish					(SA, draft)	
Galaxias brevipinnis	Climbing galaxias				(current NZ)	(SA, draft)	
Galaxias olidus	Mountain galaxias					(SA, draft)	
Geotria australis	Pouched lamprey					(SA, draft)	
Hylacola pyrrhopygia parkeri	Chestnut-rumped Heathwren (MLR ssp.)						
Isoodon obesulus obesulus	Southern Brown Bandicoot			 (current)	 (current)		
Melanodryas cucullata cucullata	Hooded Robin (south-eastern)						
Melithreptus gularis gularis	Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern)						
Mordacia mordax	Short-headed lamprey					(SA, draft)	
Nannoperca australis	Southern pygmy perch					(SA, draft)	
Nannoperca obscura	Yarra pygmy perch		(draft)			(SA, draft)	
Neophema chrysogaster	Orange-bellied Parrot		 (current)				
Pseudaphritis urvillii	Congolli					(SA, draft)	
Lewinia pectoralis pectoralis	Lewin’s Rail (eastern)						
Stagonopleura guttata	Diamond Firetail						
Stipiturus malachurus intermedius	Southern Emu-wren (MLR ssp.)		 (draft)				
Tympanocryptis lineata lineata	Five-lined Earless Dragon					 (different sub-species only	
Zoothera lunulata halmaturina	Bassian Thrush (South Australian)						
Only species with an existing recovery plan, EPBC SPRAT profile or action statement have been included in the list. There are no regional recovery plans written for fauna species included in this plan.
* EPBC SPRAT profile refers to species listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, which have information available on the Species Profile and Threats (SPRAT) Database: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl
^ Action Plan includes species with a specific recovery outline, taxon summary or action statement in a recognised National or South Australian Action Plan. The action plan is National unless otherwise stated. Note that some species have interstate action statements/plans but these have not been included in this assessment. The Native Fish Strategy for the Murray Darling Basin 2003-2013 includes recovery actions for a number of the freshwater fish included in this plan, but has not been included in this assessment.

3.7	
Recovery Plan Status (Ecological Communities)
Note: Greybox Woodland has been nominated for listing but has not yet been adopted.

Scientific name	EPBC SPRAT	NATIONAL PLAN	STATE PLAN SA	INTER-STATE 	OTHER	
Iron Grass (Lomandra effusa – L. multiflora ssp. dura) Natural Temperate Grassland of SA		 (in prep)				
Peppermint Box (Eucalyptus odorata) Grassy Woodland of SA	 	 (in prep)				
Swamps of Fleurieu Peninsula					 (Draft ‘Recovery Statement’)	

4.	
Project Planning and Methodology
4.1	Project Planning Model

DATA & SPECIES SELECTION
•	 Database processing
•	 Species selection process

TARGETS
•	 Flora species
•	 Fauna species
•	 Ecological communities

THREATS
•	 Identification
•	 Ranking
•	 Expert workshops

THE PLAN
•	 Methods
•	 Analysis results
•	 Management
•	 Recovery criteria
•	 Costs
•	 Species profiles

MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT
•	 Existing plans and actions
•	 Current planning processes 
•	 Legislation

SPECIES INFORMATION
•	 Literature, databases, GIS, expert knowledge
•	 Bibliography
•	 Database development

REGION PLANNING CONTEXT
•	 Sub-regional Landscapes
•	 Broad Vegetation Groups

SPECIES PRIORITISATION
•	 Vulnerability analysis
•	 Sub-regional priorities

ANALYSIS LINKAGES
•	 Prioritised groups
•	 Region and sub-regional scales
•	 Species-specific
•	 Knowledge gaps
•	 Current management context (gaps & overlaps)

RELATED OUTPUTS
•	 Information tool
•	 Contract reports

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

4.2	
Species Data Processing Model

Extract:
•	EPBC Act & NPW Act “rated” species
•	Other species of concern
•	Other endemic species
•	High regional threat rating

BDBSA*
•	Extract for AMLR region +
addition of custom databases
•	Flora: 170,000+ records
•	Fauna: 450,000+ records

Validation, vetting & editing of data

Selection: 
•	Select for regional significance –  distribution, status ratings      (see detailed methodology).

Review: Species short-listed
•	Flora: 334
•	Fauna:197

Species selected:
•	Flora: 130
•	Fauna: 73
•	Data with distribution, residency & endemism attributes

Attribute look-up tables to extract data of selected species for GIS analysis & prioritisation  

Filter: 
•	Terrestrial species, date (post-1983), observer reliability & vouchering (flora), spatial filter

* BDBSA: Biological Databases of South Australia

4.3	
Flora Species Inclusion Process

(disjunct or inter-regionally limited)

Note: Fauna process similar to flora State endemic (see plan text for details)
Information sources:
•	DEH flora taxonomic tables.
•	Distribution data (AVH, ADHERB Census, DEH GIS tools).
•	Expert knowledge.

* Exceptions: EPBC or NPW ‘E’ species (unless very peripheral, has taxonomic or other assessment issues)

AMLR Endemic?

IN

OUT

YES

NO

High regional threat level?

Non-Endemic?

OUT

High regional threat level?

YES

NO

AMLR population significant?

YES

NO*

(peripheral, widespread or limited)

IN

(disjunct)

State Endemic?

OUT

High regional threat level?

YES

NO

YES

NO*

(peripheral or widespread)

IN

AMLR population significant?

AMLR extant species of concern (post-1983)

4.4	Regional Vulnerability Groups (Methodology)
All species (except freshwater fish) were prioritised into six flora and fauna ‘Regional Vulnerability Groups’ (RVGs) (decreasing in priority from 1 to 6), according to scored criteria under the following categories:
•	Regional conservation status (AMLR region);
•	Relative area of occupancy (AMLR region);
•	Endemism & distribution (South Australia);
•	Habitat specialisation (flora);
•	State (NPW Act) & National (EPBC Act) conservation status;
•	Residency - AMLR (fauna).
Sub-species were treated as species. Each category was equally weighted and point-scored according to the criteria as below. The process was iterative, involving sensitivity analyses to determine criteria and scoring influence. Results were also assessed by expert opinion.

Regional Conservation Status (AMLR)
An unofficial rating relevant to the AMLR region used in this plan, derived from existing conservation ratings systems and expert opinion.

Flora
Score	Criteria	
3	Endangered	
2	Threatened	
1	Vulnerable	

Fauna
Score	Criteria	
3	Endangered	
2	Vulnerable	
1	Rare or Uncommon	

Relative area of occupancy (AMLR)
Measured by calculating species presence within a 5km grid cell (irrespective of the number of occurrences within a grid cell) using post-1983 filtered presence data, and counting the occupied grid cells. The range of counts was classified into three classes using the ‘Jenk’s Natural Breaks algorithm, as below.

Flora
Score	Description & criteria	
3	Extremely Limited: 1-4 grid cells	
2	Very Limited: 5-11 grid cells	
1	Moderately Limited: 12-22 grid cells	

Fauna
Score	Description & criteria	
3	Extremely Limited: 1-35 grid cells	
2	Very Limited: 36-101 grid cells	
1	Moderately Limited: 102-205 grid cells	

Endemism & Distribution (South Australia)

Flora
Score	Description & criteria	
3	AMLR endemic	
2	State endemic or AMLR confined non-endemic*	
1	Other (non-endemic and/or peripheral)	
*Non-endemic species where the majority or all of the mainland State population is confined within AMLR region.

Fauna
Score	Description & criteria	
3	AMLR endemic or State endemic	
2	Disjunct or inter-regionally limited*	
1	Other (widespread or peripheral)	
* The AMLR distribution is more or less contiguous across one to three adjacent regions with SA.

Habitat Specialisation (Flora)

Score	Description & criteria	
3	Very High: A very narrow habitat requirement within one broad vegetation group (e.g. Thelymitra circumsepta, requiring peaty bogs in high rainfall areas, within ‘Wetland’ broad vegetation group. Other habitat examples may include wetland margins or exposed coastal headlands.	
2	High: A narrow habitat requirement that may occur within one or two broad vegetation groups (e.g. Acacia gunnii restricted to rocky areas within higher rainfall heathy communties).	
1	Moderate-Low: Habitat requirements not relatively specific, and that may occur within more than one broad vegetation group (e.g. Spyridium coactilifolium).	

State-wide & National Conservation Concern

Flora & Fauna
Score	Description & criteria	
3	Nationally listed (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable)	
2	State listed (Endangered or Vulnerable)	
1	State listed (Rare)	
0	Not listed	

Note: if a species is both Nationally and State listed, it cannot be scored twice (i.e. it will only be scored for National listing).

Residency - AMLR (fauna)

Score	Description & criteria	
3	Resident	
2	Migrant (breeding)	
1	Other (e.g. nomadic)	

4.5	Ecological Community Inclusion and Prioritisation

DEH ID	Ecological Community	Landscape description	Broad Ecological Community	State DEH rating	EPBC rating^	AMLR significance*	Expert priority  adjustment	AMLR priority$	
SA0018	Banksia marginata Grassy Low Woodland	Sandy loam plains in higher rainfall areas	Grassy Woodland	E		High	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0001	Eucalyptus dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana Open Forest	Heavy soils of upland valleys	Riparian	E		Very High	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0012	E. microcarpa Grassy Low Woodland	Southern foothills and hill slopes	Grassy Woodland	E	Nom.	Very High	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0011	E. odorata +/- E. leucoxylon Grassy Low Woodland 	Loamy soils of low hills	Grassy Woodland	E	CE	Medium	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0033	Freshwater wetlands e.g. Triglochin procerum Herbland		Wetland	E	CE (SFP)	Medium	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0025	Leptospermum lanigerum Closed  Shrubland 	Non-saline wetlands	Wetland (or Shrubland)	E	CE (SFP)	High	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0027	Lomandra effusa Tussock Grassland 	Shallow loams in low hills	Grassland	E	CE	Medium	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0026	Melaleuca squamea +/- Leptospermum continentale	Closed Shrubland on peaty soils	Wetland	V	CE (SFP)	High	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0029	Themeda triandra +/- Danthonia spp. Tussock Grassland	Heavy, fertile soils of plains and hill slopes	Grassland	E	Note 1	Very High	-	VERY HIGH	
SA0014	Callitris preissii +/- E. leucoxylon Grassy Low Woodland 	Quartzite gravels on western foot-slopes	Grassy Woodland	V		Very High	-	HIGH	
SA0008	E. fasciculosa +/- E. leucoxylon Heathy Woodland	Sandy loams of flats and slopes	Heathy Woodland	V		High	Increased	HIGH	
SA0010	E. ovata +/- E. viminalis ssp. cygnetensis +/- E. camaldulensis var. camaldulensis Low Woodland	Valleys and drainage lines	Riparian (or Wetland)	V		High 	Increased	HIGH	
SA0030	Gahnia filum Sedgeland 	Drainage lines and depressions	Wetland	V	Note 2	High	Increased	HIGH	
SA0004	Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. cygnetensis and/or E. viminalis ssp. viminalis Woodland	Alluvial soils in moist areas	Riparian	V		High	-	MEDIUM+	
SA0015	Allocasuarina verticillata Grassy Low Woodland	Clay loams of low hills	Grassy Woodland	V		Medium	-	MEDIUM	
SA0013	E. leucoxylon ssp. pruinosa +/- E. odorata Grassy Low Woodland	Loams of hill slopes	Grassy Woodland	V		Medium	-	MEDIUM	
-	Eucalyptus porosa Woodland		Grassy Woodland	Conservation concern but more detailed assessment required	
-	Melaleuca halmaturorum Shrubland/ Low Open Forest		Shrubland	Conservation concern but more detailed assessment required	
Adapted from the Provisional List of Threatened Ecosystems of South Australia (DEH 2005)4. Note, communities selected by presence within FLB1 or KAN2 IBRA sub-regions of the Agricultural Regions (16 TEC’s selected from 33 State-listed communities occurring in agricultural regions).
^ As indicated in DEH 2005. Nom. = nomination current; SFP = Swamps of the Fleurieu Peninsula (EPBC CE)
* AMLR Significance: relative to State-wide distribution, determined by mapped distribution (presence by IBRA sub-region as per DEH 2005)
Very High: AMLR endemic or near endemic (or AMLR portion of range is very disjunct from remaining State-wide distribution)
High: Limited distribution around AMLR, or, AMLR portion of range is disjunct from remaining State-wide distribution
Medium: Range occurs in numerous adjoining regions around AMLR.
$ AMLR Priority determined by:
If EPBC listed, then Very High, otherwise, State rating & AMLR Significance = AMLR Priority…
E & Very High  = Very High		V & Very High = High
E & High = Very High			V & High = Medium+
E & Medium = High+			V & Medium = Medium
Note: if community priority increased via expert adjustment, then ‘+’ status not retained.
Note 1: Noted in DEH (2005) as EPBC nominated, however for this analysis not assumed to be part of any currently listed EPBC community.
Note 2: Noted in DEH (2005) as EPBC listed, however for this analysis not assumed to be part of any currently listed EPBC community.

5.	Excluded Flora Species
The following flora species were reviewed but excluded from the detailed planning process.

Scientific name	Common name	Family	EPBC	NPW	
Acacia araneosa		LEGUMINOSAE	V	E	
Acacia argyrophylla	Silver Mulga-bush	LEGUMINOSAE			
Acacia dodonaeifolia	Hop-bush Wattle	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Acacia leiophylla		LEGUMINOSAE			
Acacia montana	Mallee Wattle	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Acacia nematophylla	Coast Wallowa	LEGUMINOSAE			
Acacia rhigiophylla	Dagger-leaf Wattle	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Acacia trineura	Three-nerve Wattle	LEGUMINOSAE		E	
Acacia whibleyana	Whibley's Wattle	LEGUMINOSAE	E	E	
Acrotriche fasciculiflora	Mount Lofty Ground-berry	EPACRIDACEAE			
Allocasuarina striata		CASUARINACEAE			
Amphibromus archeri	Pointed Swamp Wallaby-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Amphibromus macrorhinus	Long-nosed Swamp Wallaby-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Anogramma leptophylla	Annual Fern	ADIANTACEAE		R	
Anthocercis angustifolia	Narrow-leaf Ray-flower	SOLANACEAE		R	
Aristida australis		GRAMINEAE		R	
Atriplex australasica		CHENOPODIACEAE		R	
Austrodanthonia laevis	Smooth Wallaby-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Austrodanthonia tenuior	Short-awn Wallaby-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Austrostipa breviglumis	Cane Spear-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Austrostipa densiflora	Fox-tail Spear-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Austrostipa gibbosa	Swollen Spear-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Austrostipa multispiculis		GRAMINEAE		R	
Austrostipa pilata	Prickly Spear-grass	GRAMINEAE		V	
Austrostipa tenuifolia		GRAMINEAE		R	
Baumea acuta	Pale Twig-rush	CYPERACEAE		R	
Baumea gunnii	Slender Twig-rush	CYPERACEAE		R	
Baumea laxa	Lax Twig-rush	CYPERACEAE		R	
Billardiera uniflora		PITTOSPORACEAE			
Blechnum nudum	Fishbone Water-fern	BLECHNACEAE		R	
Blechnum wattsii	Hard Water-fern	BLECHNACEAE		R	
Boronia edwardsii	Edwards' Boronia	RUTACEAE			
Bothriochloa macra	Red-leg Grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Botrychium australe	Austral Moonwort	BOTRYCHIACEAE		E	
Brachyscome basaltica var. gracilis	Swamp Daisy	COMPOSITAE		R	
Brachyscome breviscapis	Short-stem Daisy	COMPOSITAE		R	
Brachyscome parvula	Coast Daisy	COMPOSITAE		R	
Caladenia brumalis	Winter Spider-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE	V	V	
Caladenia cardiochila		ORCHIDACEAE			
Caladenia flaccida	Drooping Spider-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		V	
Caladenia gracilis		ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Caladenia parva	Small Comb Spider-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Caladenia pusilla		ORCHIDACEAE			
Caladenia stellata	Star Spider-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Caladenia stricta		ORCHIDACEAE			
Caladenia tensa		ORCHIDACEAE	E		
Caladenia verrucosa		ORCHIDACEAE			
Calytrix glaberrima		MYRTACEAE			
Calytrix involucrata	Cup Fringe-myrtle	MYRTACEAE			
Cardamine gunnii	Spade-leaf Bitter-cress	CRUCIFERAE		V	
Cardamine papillata		CRUCIFERAE			
Cardamine paucijuga (NC)	Annual Bitter-cress	CRUCIFERAE		R	
Carex gunniana	Mountain Sedge	CYPERACEAE		R	
Carex iynx		CYPERACEAE			
Cassinia tegulata		COMPOSITAE		E	
Centrolepis cephaloformis ssp. cephaloformis	Cushion Centrolepis	CENTROLEPIDACEAE		R	
Cladium procerum	Leafy Twig-rush	CYPERACEAE		R	
Correa aemula	Hairy Correa	RUTACEAE		R	
Correa alba var. pannosa	White Correa	RUTACEAE		R	
Correa decumbens		RUTACEAE			
Correa glabra var. turnbullii		RUTACEAE			
Correa pulchella		RUTACEAE			
Crassula exserta	Large-fruit Crassula	CRASSULACEAE		R	
Crassula peduncularis	Purple Crassula	CRASSULACEAE		R	
Cryptandra hispidula		RHAMNACEAE			
Cryptandra sp. long hypanthium (C.R. Alcock 10626)	Long-flower Cryptandra	RHAMNACEAE		R	
Cyperus lhotskyanus		CYPERACEAE		R	
Cyperus sanguinolentus	Dark Flat-sedge	CYPERACEAE		R	
Daviesia asperula		LEGUMINOSAE			
Daviesia benthamii ssp. humilis	Mallee Bitter-pea	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Daviesia ulicifolia		LEGUMINOSAE			
Dennstaedtia davallioides	Lacy Ground-fern	DENNSTAEDTIACEAE		E	
Veronica derwentiana ssp. derwentiana	Derwent Speedwell	SCROPHULARIACEAE		E	
Deyeuxia densa	Heath Bent-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Deyeuxia minor	Small Bent-grass	GRAMINEAE		V	
Dianella callicarpa	Swamp Flax-lily	LILIACEAE		E	
Dicksonia antarctica		DICKSONIACEAE			
Dipodium punctatum		ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Diuris chryseopsis		ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Diuris palustris	Little Donkey-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE			
Dodonaea baueri		SAPINDACEAE			
Dodonaea humilis		SAPINDACEAE			
Dodonaea subglandulifera		SAPINDACEAE		E	
Dodonaea tepperi		SAPINDACEAE			
Doodia caudata		BLECHNACEAE			
Drosera binata	Forked Sundew	DROSERACEAE		R	
Drosera praefolia	Early Sundew	DROSERACEAE		R	
Drosera whittakeri ssp. whittakeri		DROSERACEAE			
Echinopogon ovatus	Rough-beard Grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Elatine gratioloides	Waterwort	ELATINACEAE		R	
Eragrostis infecunda	Barren Cane-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Eragrostis lacunaria	Purple Love-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Eremophila behriana		MYOPORACEAE			
Eriochilus sp. swamp (D.E. Murfet 1950b)		ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Eryngium rostratum	Blue Devil	UMBELLIFERAE		V	
Eryngium vesiculosum	Prostrate Blue Devil	UMBELLIFERAE		R	
Eucalyptus behriana	Broad-leaf Box	MYRTACEAE		R	
Eucalyptus cosmophylla		MYRTACEAE			
Eucalyptus dalrympleana ssp. dalrympleana	Candlebark Gum	MYRTACEAE		R	
Eucalyptus fasciculosa	Pink Gum	MYRTACEAE		R	
Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis	Manna Gum	MYRTACEAE		R	
Festuca benthamiana		GRAMINEAE			
Genoplesium ciliatum		ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Gleichenia microphylla	Coral Fern	GLEICHENIACEAE		R	
Gonocarpus micranthus ssp. micranthus	Creeping Raspwort	HALORAGACEAE		R	
Haloragis eichleri	Eichler's Raspwort	HALORAGACEAE		R	
Histiopteris incisa	Bat's-wing Fern	DENNSTAEDTIACEAE		E	
Hydrocotyle comocarpa	Fringe-fruit Pennywort	UMBELLIFERAE		R	
Hypericum calycinum	Large-flower St John's Wort	GUTTIFERAE			
Hypericum japonicum	Matted St John's Wort	GUTTIFERAE		R	
Hypolepis rugosula	Ruddy Ground-fern	DENNSTAEDTIACEAE		R	
Isoetes drummondii ssp. drummondii	Plain Quillwort	ISOETACEAE		R	
Joycea clelandii	Cleland's Wallaby-grass	GRAMINEAE			
Juncus australis	Austral Rush	JUNCACEAE		R	
Juncus continuus	Pithy Rush	JUNCACEAE			
Juncus homalocaulis	Wiry Rush	JUNCACEAE		V	
Lachnagrostis punicea var. filifolia	Narrow-leaf Blown-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Lepyrodia valliculae	Kangaroo Island Scale-rush	RESTIONACEAE		R	
Leucopogon concurvus		EPACRIDACEAE			
Leucopogon hirsutus	Hairy Beard-heath	EPACRIDACEAE		R	
Logania crassifolia	Coast Logania	LOGANIACEAE			
Logania recurva		LOGANIACEAE			
Logania saxatilis	Rock Logania	LOGANIACEAE		R	
Lomandra densiflora		LOMANDRACEAE			
Lomandra fibrata		LOMANDRACEAE			
Lomandra multiflora		LOMANDRACEAE			
Luzula ovata	Clustered Wood-rush	JUNCACEAE		R	
Lythrum salicaria	Purple Loosestrife	LYTHRACEAE		R	
Maireana rohrlachii	Rohrlach's Bluebush	CHENOPODIACEAE		R	
Mentha diemenica	Slender Mint	LABIATAE		R	
Mentha satureioides	Native Pennyroyal	LABIATAE		R	
Micrantheum demissum		EUPHORBIACEAE			
Microlepidium pilosulum	Hairy Shepherd's-purse	CRUCIFERAE		R	
Microtis frutetorum		ORCHIDACEAE			
Myoporum parvifolium	Creeping Boobialla	MYOPORACEAE		R	
Myriophyllum amphibium	Broad Milfoil	HALORAGACEAE		R	
Myriophyllum crispatum	Upright Milfoil	HALORAGACEAE		V	
Myriophyllum integrifolium	Tiny Milfoil	HALORAGACEAE		R	
Myriophyllum papillosum	Robust Milfoil	HALORAGACEAE		R	
Nymphoides crenata	Wavy Marshwort	MENYANTHACEAE		R	
Olearia grandiflora	Mount Lofty Daisy-bush	COMPOSITAE			
Olearia passerinoides ssp. glutescens	Sticky Daisy-bush	COMPOSITAE		R	
Olearia picridifolia	Rasp Daisy-bush	COMPOSITAE		R	
Ottelia ovalifolia ssp. ovalifolia	Swamp Lily	HYDROCHARITACEAE		R	
Pentapogon quadrifidus var. quadrifidus	Five-awn Spear-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Philotheca angustifolia ssp. angustifolia	Narrow-leaf Wax-flower	RUTACEAE		R	
Phyllangium distylis	Tiny Mitrewort	LOGANIACEAE		R	
Phylloglossum drummondii	Pigmy Clubmoss	LYCOPODIACEAE		R	
Picris squarrosa	Squat Picris	COMPOSITAE		R	
Pilularia novae-hollandiae	Austral Pillwort	MARSILEACEAE		R	
Poa drummondiana	Knotted Poa	GRAMINEAE		R	
Poa umbricola	Shade Tussock-grass	GRAMINEAE		R	
Prasophyllum constrictum	Tawny Leek-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Prasophyllum occidentale	Plains Leek-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE			
Prasophyllum validum		ORCHIDACEAE		V	
Prostanthera behriana		LABIATAE			
Pseudanthus micranthus	Fringed Pseudanthus	EUPHORBIACEAE		R	
Pterostylis cycnocephala	Swan-head Greenhood	ORCHIDACEAE			
Pterostylis foliata	Slender Greenhood	ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Prasophyllum sp. ‘Enigma’ (R. Bates 2350)	Contorted Leek-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		E	
Pterostylis sp. Halbury (R. Bates 8425)		ORCHIDACEAE			
Ptilotus erubescens	Hairy-tails	AMARANTHACEAE		R	
Pultenaea involucrata	Mount Lofty Bush-pea	LEGUMINOSAE			
Pultenaea scabra	Rough Bush-pea	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Pultenaea trinervis		LEGUMINOSAE			
Ranunculus hamatosetosus	Hill Buttercup	RANUNCULACEAE			
Rhodanthe anthemoides		COMPOSITAE		E	
Rorippa dictyosperma	Forest Bitter-cress	CRUCIFERAE		R	
Rumex dumosus	Wiry Dock	POLYGONACEAE		R	
Sarcozona bicarinata	Ridged Noon-flower	AIZOACEAE		V	
Scaevola calendulacea	Dune Fanflower	GOODENIACEAE		V	
Scaevola linearis		GOODENIACEAE			
Schoenus laevigatus		CYPERACEAE		R	
Schoenus lepidosperma ssp. lepidosperma	Slender Bog-rush	CYPERACEAE		R	
Schoenus tesquorum	Grassy Bog-rush	CYPERACEAE		R	
Sclerolaena muricata var. villosa	Five-spine Bindyi	CHENOPODIACEAE		R	
Scutellaria humilis	Dwarf Skullcap	LABIATAE		R	
Sphaerolobium minus	Leafless Globe-pea	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Sprengelia incarnata	Pink Swamp-heath	EPACRIDACEAE		R	
Spyridium phlebophyllum		RHAMNACEAE			
Spyridium phylicoides		RHAMNACEAE			
Spyridium spathulatum	Spoon-leaf Spyridium	RHAMNACEAE		R	
Spyridium thymifolium		RHAMNACEAE			
Stellaria palustris var. tenella	Swamp Starwort	CARYOPHYLLACEAE		R	
Stylidium beaugleholei	Beauglehole's Trigger-plant	STYLIDIACEAE		R	
Templetonia stenophylla	Leafy Templetonia	LEGUMINOSAE		V	
Thelymitra albiflora		ORCHIDACEAE			
Thelymitra batesii		ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Thelymitra benthamiana	Leopard Sun-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE			
Thelymitra carnea	Small Pink Sun-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Thelymitra epipactoides	Metallic Sun-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE	E	E	
Thelymitra flexuosa	Twisted Sun-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Thelymitra grandiflora	Great Sun-orchid	ORCHIDACEAE		R	
Thelymitra matthewsii		ORCHIDACEAE	V	E	
Thysanotus tenellus	Grassy Fringe-lily	LILIACEAE		R	
Triglochin alcockiae	Alcock's Water-ribbons	JUNCAGINACEAE		R	
Veronica gracilis	Slender Speedwell	SCROPHULARIACEAE		V	
Viminaria juncea	Native Broom	LEGUMINOSAE		R	
Wahlenbergia gracilis	Sprawling Bluebell	CAMPANULACEAE			
Wurmbea latifolia ssp. vanessae	Broad-leaf Nancy	LILIACEAE		R	
Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata		XANTHORRHOEACEAE			
Xanthorrhoea semiplana ssp. tateana	Tate's Grass-tree	XANTHORRHOEACEAE		R	
Xanthosia tasmanica	Southern Xanthosia	UMBELLIFERAE		R	
Zieria veronicea ssp. veronicea	Pink Zieria	RUTACEAE		R	

6.	
Excluded Fauna Species
The following fauna species were reviewed but excluded from the detailed planning process.

Common name	Scientific name	Class	EPBC	NPW	
Australasian Shoveler	Anas rhynchotis	AVES		R	
Australian Bustard	Ardeotis australis	AVES		V	
Australian Reed-Warbler	Acrocephalus australis	AVES			
Australian Spotted Crake	Porzana fluminea	AVES			
Banded Stilt	Cladorhynchus leucocephalus	AVES		V	
Barking Owl	Ninox connivens	AVES		R	
Blue-billed Duck	Oxyura australis	AVES		R	
Blue-winged Parrot	Neophema chrysostoma	AVES		V	
Brolga	Grus rubicunda	AVES		V	
Bush Stone-curlew	Burhinus grallarius	AVES		R	
Cape Barren Goose	Cereopsis novaehollandiae	AVES		R	
Cattle Egret	Ardea ibis	AVES		R	
Common Bronzewing	Phaps chalcoptera	AVES			
Darter	Anhinga novaehollandiae	AVES		R	
Dusky Woodswallow	Artamus cyanopterus	AVES			
Eastern Curlew	Numenius madagascariensis	AVES		V	
Elegant Parrot	Neophema elegans	AVES		R	
Flame Robin	Petroica phoenicea	AVES		V	
Freckled Duck	Stictonetta naevosa	AVES		V	
Gilbert's Whistler	Pachycephala inornata	AVES		R	
Glossy Ibis	Plegadis falcinellus	AVES		R	
Golden-headed Cisticola	Cisticola exilis	AVES			
Great Crested Grebe	Podiceps cristatus	AVES		R	
Grey Falcon	Falco hypoleucos	AVES		R	
Grey Goshawk	Accipiter novaehollandiae	AVES		E	
Intermediate Egret	Ardea intermedia	AVES		R	
King Quail	Excalfactoria chinensis	AVES		E	
Latham's Snipe	Gallinago hardwickii	AVES		R	
Lesser Sand Plover	Charadrius mongolus	AVES		R	
Letter-winged Kite	Elanus scriptus	AVES		R	
Little Bittern	Ixobrychus dubius	AVES		E	
Little Egret	Egretta garzetta	AVES		R	
Little Lorikeet	Glossopsitta pusilla	AVES		E	
Long-toed Stint	Calidris subminuta	AVES		R	
Magpie Goose	Anseranas semipalmata	AVES		E	
Major Mitchell's Cockatoo	Cacatua leadbeateri	AVES		R	
Malleefowl	Leipoa ocellata	AVES	V	V	
Masked Owl	Tyto novaehollandiae	AVES		E	
Musk Duck	Biziura lobata	AVES		R	
Olive-backed Oriole	Oriolus sagittatus	AVES		R	
Pacific Golden Plover	Pluvialis fulva	AVES		R	
Pectoral Sandpiper	Calidris melanotos	AVES		R	
Plains-wanderer	Pedionomus torquatus	AVES		E	
Rainbow Bee-eater	Merops ornatus	AVES			
Red-browed Finch	Neochmia temporalis	AVES			
Red-chested Button-quail	Turnix pyrrhothorax	AVES		R	
Red-lored Whistler	Pachycephala rufogularis	AVES	V	R	
Regent Honeyeater	Anthochaera phrygia	AVES	E	E	
Rock Parrot	Neophema petrophila	AVES		R	
Ruff	Philomachus pugnax	AVES		R	
Rufous Fieldwren	Calamanthus campestris	AVES			
Scarlet-chested Parrot	Neophema splendida	AVES		R	
Shy Heathwren (Shy Hylacola)	Hylacola cauta	AVES		R	
Square-tailed Kite	Lophoictinia isura	AVES		E	
Striped Honeyeater	Plectorhyncha lanceolata	AVES		R	
Swift Parrot	Lathamus discolor	AVES	E	E	
White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike	Coracina papuensis	AVES		R	
White-browed Treecreeper	Climacteris affinis	AVES		R	
White-throated Gerygone	Gerygone albogularis	AVES		R	
White-throated Treecreeper	Cormobates leucophaea	AVES			
Wood Sandpiper	Tringa glareola	AVES		R	
Black-footed Rock Wallaby	Petrogale lateralis pearsoni	MAMMALIA	V	R	
Brush-tailed Phascogale	Phascogale tapoatafa	MAMMALIA		E	
Common Brushtail Possum	Trichosurus vulpecula	MAMMALIA		R	
Little Forest Bat	Vespadelus vulturnus	MAMMALIA			
Southern Bent-wing Bat	Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii	MAMMALIA		CE	
Swamp Rat	Rattus lutreolus	MAMMALIA		R	
Water-rat	Hydromys chrysogaster	MAMMALIA			
Western Broad-nosed Bat	Scotorepens balstoni	MAMMALIA			
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat	Saccolaimus flaviventris	MAMMALIA		R	
Yellow-footed Antechinus	Antechinus flavipes	MAMMALIA		V	
Adelaide Snake-lizard	Delma molleri	REPTILIA			
Delicate Skink	Lampropholis delicata	REPTILIA			
Macquarie Tortoise	Emydura macquarii	REPTILIA		V	
Red-bellied Black Snake	Pseudechis porphyriacus	REPTILIA			
Southern Rock Dtella	Gehyra sp. 2n=44	REPTILIA			
Tawny Dragon	Ctenophorus decresii	REPTILIA			
Barramundi	Lates calcarifer	FISH			
Bony herring	Nematalosa erebi	FISH			
Brook trout	Salvelinus fontinalis	FISH			
Brown trout	Salmo trutta	FISH			
Carp gudgeons	Hypseleotris spp.	FISH			
Chanda perch	Ambassis agassizii	FISH			
Common carp	Cyprinus carpio	FISH			
Common galaxias	Galaxias maculatus	FISH			
Dwarf flathead gudgeon	Philypnodon macrostomus	FISH			
Flathead gudgeon	Philypnodon grandiceps	FISH			
Freshwater catfish	Tandanus tandanus	FISH			
Gambusia	Gambusia holbrooki	FISH			
Goldfish	Carassius auratus	FISH			
Lagoon goby	Tasmanogobius lasti	FISH			
Murray cod	Maccullochella peelii	FISH	V		
Murray rainbowfish	Melanotaenia fluviatilis	FISH			
Murray-Darling golden perch	Macquaria ambigua	FISH			
Rainbow trout	Oncorhynchus mykiss	FISH			
Redfin	Perca fluviatilis	FISH			
Shortfinned eel	Anguilla australis	FISH			
Silver perch	Bidyanus bidyanus	FISH			
Smallmouthed hardyhead	Atherinosoma microstoma	FISH			
Smelt	Retropinna semoni	FISH			
Southern purple-spotted gudgeon	Mogurnda adspersa	FISH			
Tench	Tinca tinca	FISH			
Unspecked hardyhead	Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum fulvus	FISH			
Western bluespot goby	Pseudogobius olorum	FISH			

7.	Summary of Level of Knowledge, Broad Vegetation Groups and Habitat Specialisation (Flora)

Species
(Scientific name)	Knowledge	BVG 1	BVG 2	BVG 3	Habitat Specialisation	
Acacia gunnii	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST		High	
Acacia menzelii	fair	MALLEE	GRASSY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Acacia pinguifolia	fair	MALLEE	SHRUBLAND		Moderate-Low	
Acacia rhetinocarpa	fair	MALLEE	SHRUBLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	Moderate-Low	
Adiantum capillus-veneris	poor	WETLAND	RIPARIAN		Very High	
Allocasuarina robusta	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND		High	
Amphibromus pithogastrus	poor	RIPARIAN	GRASSY WOODLAND		High	
Asterolasia muricata	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND		Moderate-Low	
Austrostipa echinata	poor	COASTAL			High	
Austrostipa oligostachya	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	GRASSLAND		Moderate-Low	
Boronia parviflora	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Brachyscome diversifolia	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN	High	
Caladenia argocalla	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND			High	
Caladenia behrii	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Caladenia bicalliata ssp. bicalliata	some	COASTAL			High	
Caladenia colorata	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Caladenia gladiolata	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		High	
Caladenia ovata	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND		High	
Caladenia rigida	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND			Moderate-Low	
Caladenia valida	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	MALLEE	Moderate-Low	
Caladenia vulgaris	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Caleana major	some	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Callistemon teretifolius	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Calochilus campestris	some	WETLAND	MALLEE	HEATHY WOODLAND	Moderate-Low	
Calochilus cupreus	fair	COASTAL			High	
Calochilus paludosus	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND		High	
Centrolepis glabra	poor	WETLAND			High	
Correa calycina var. calycina	fair	RIPARIAN	WETLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	High	
Correa eburnea	some	RIPARIAN	HEATHY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Corybas dentatus	fair	HEATHY OPEN FOREST			High	
Corybas expansus	some	COASTAL			Very High	
Corybas unguiculatus	some	HEATHY OPEN FOREST			High	
Crassula sieberiana	poor	RIPARIAN	GRASSY WOODLAND	WETLAND	Moderate-Low	
Cryptostylis subulata	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Cullen parvum	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	GRASSLAND		Moderate-Low	
Dampiera lanceolata var. intermedia	fair	COASTAL	HEATHY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Daviesia pectinata	poor	MALLEE	COASTAL		High	
Dianella longifolia var. grandis	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	GRASSLAND		High	
Dipodium pardalinum	some	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	Moderate-Low	
Diuris behrii	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	GRASSLAND		Moderate-Low	
Diuris brevifolia	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND	RIPARIAN	High	
Eleocharis atricha	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Eremophila gibbifolia	poor	MALLEE			Moderate-Low	
Eucalyptus cneorifolia	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		Moderate-Low	
Eucalyptus paludicola	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND	RIPARIAN	High	
Eucalyptus phenax ssp. compressa	poor	MALLEE			High	
Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	COASTAL	WETLAND	Moderate-Low	
Gahnia radula	poor	RIPARIAN	HEATHY WOODLAND		Very High	
Gastrodia sesamoides	poor	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	RIPARIAN	SHRUBLAND	Moderate-Low	
Glycine latrobeana	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	GRASSLAND		Moderate-Low	
Glycine tabacina	poor	RIPARIAN	GRASSY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Gratiola pumilo	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Haloragis brownii	some	WETLAND	RIPARIAN		Very High	
Haloragis myriocarpa	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND		High	
Helichrysum rutidolepis	some	RIPARIAN			Very High	
Hibbertia tenuis	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Hydrocotyle crassiuscula	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND			Moderate-Low	
Juncus amabilis	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND	RIPARIAN	High	
Juncus prismatocarpus	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Juncus radula	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Lagenophora gracilis	some	WETLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN	Very High	
Leionema hillebrandii	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Logania minor	poor	COASTAL			High	
Luzula flaccida	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Lycopodiella lateralis	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Lycopodiella serpentina	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Lycopodium deuterodensum	some	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	SHRUBLAND		High	
Maireana decalvans	poor	COASTAL			Very High	
Mazus pumilio	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Melaleuca squamea	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Microtis atrata	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Microtis rara	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Montia fontana ssp. chondrosperma	some	WETLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND		High	
Neopaxia australasica	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Olearia glandulosa	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa	some	MALLEE	SHRUBLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	Moderate-Low	
Oreomyrrhis eriopoda	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Orobanche cernua var. australiana	poor	COASTAL			High	
Paracaleana disjuncta	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Paracaleana minor	some	HEATHY WOODLAND			Moderate-Low	
Phyllanthus striaticaulis	poor	COASTAL	HEATHY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Podolepis muelleri	poor	COASTAL			High	
Potamogeton ochreatus	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Prasophyllum australe	some	WETLAND			High	
Prasophyllum fecundum	some	MALLEE			Moderate-Low	
Prasophyllum fitzgeraldii	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE		Moderate-Low	
Prasophyllum murfetii	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Prasophyllum occultans	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE	Moderate-Low	
Prasophyllum pallidum	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Prasophyllum pruinosum	some	GRASSY WOODLAND			Moderate-Low	
Pratia puberula	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Prostanthera chlorantha	poor	SHRUBLAND	MALLEE	COASTAL	Moderate-Low	
Prostanthera eurybioides	fair	MALLEE	SHRUBLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	High	
Psilotum nudum	some	RIPARIAN			Very High	
Pteris tremula	some	WETLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Pterostylis arenicola	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	MALLEE	Moderate-Low	
Pterostylis bryophila	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND			High	
Pterostylis cucullata ssp. sylvicola	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND			Moderate-Low	
Pterostylis curta	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Pterostylis falcata	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Pterostylis sp. Hale (R.Bates 21725)	some	HEATHY WOODLAND			Moderate-Low	
Pterostylis uliginosa	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Pultenaea dentata	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Pultenaea viscidula	poor	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	HEATHY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Ranunculus inundatus	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Ranunculus papulentus	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Schizaea bifida	poor	WETLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND		High	
Schizaea fistulosa	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Schoenus discifer	poor	WETLAND			High	
Schoenus latelaminatus	poor	WETLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Senecio megaglossus	poor	SHRUBLAND	GRASSLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	Moderate-Low	
Spiranthes australis	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Spyridium coactilifolium	some	COASTAL	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	Moderate-Low	
Tecticornia flabelliformis	some	COASTAL			High	
Thelymitra circumsepta	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Thelymitra cyanapicata	fair	WETLAND			Very High	
Thelymitra cyanea	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Thelymitra holmesii	some	WETLAND			High	
Thelymitra inflata	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Thelymitra mucida	some	WETLAND			Very High	
Thelymitra peniculata	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND		Moderate-Low	
Todea barbara	some	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	WETLAND		Very High	
Tricostularia pauciflora	poor	SHRUBLAND	WETLAND		Very High	
Trymalium wayi	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	MALLEE	High	
Utricularia lateriflora	poor	WETLAND			Very High	
Veronica derwentiana ssp. anisodonta	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		High	
Veronica derwentiana ssp. homalodonta	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST	High	
Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Wurmbea uniflora	some	RIPARIAN	GRASSY WOODLAND		High	
Xyris operculata	poor	WETLAND			Very High	

8.	
Summary of Level of Knowledge, Broad Vegetation Groups and Habitat Specialisation (Fauna)

Species 
(Common name)	Knowledge	Habitat 1	Habitat 2	Habitat 3	Habitat specialisation	
Australasian Bittern	some	WETLAND				
Baillon's Crake	some	WETLAND				
Bassian Thrush	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND			
Beautiful Firetail	some	COASTAL	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND		
Black-chinned Honeyeater	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		
Brown Quail	poor	GRASSLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	WETLAND		
Brown Toadlet	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND		High	
Brown Treecreeper	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE	RIPARIAN		
Brown-headed Honeyeater	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Brush Bronzewing	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	COASTAL	SHRUBLAND		
Buff-banded Rail	some	WETLAND	RIPARIAN			
Carpet Python	poor	RIPARIAN			High	
Chestnut-rumped Heathwren (MLR)	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	COASTAL		
Chestnut-rumped Thornbill	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Crested Shrike-tit	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		
Cunningham's Skink	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	COASTAL	HEATHY WOODLAND	High	
Diamond Firetail	some	GRASSY WOODLAND				
Eastern Water Skink	poor	RIPARIAN			High	
Fairy Martin	poor	RIPARIAN				
Fan-tailed Cuckoo	some	HEATHY OPEN FOREST				
Five-lined Earless Dragon	poor	GRASSLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		High	
Flinders Worm Lizard	some	GRASSLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Heath Goanna	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Hooded Robin (South-eastern)	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	Moderate-Low	
Jacky Winter	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Lewin's Rail	some	WETLAND				
Little Wattlebird	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	WETLAND		
Olive Snake-lizard	poor	GRASSLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		Moderate-Low	
Orange-bellied Parrot	fair	COASTAL				
Painted Button-quail	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST		
Pallid Cuckoo	some	SHRUBLAND	MALLEE	RIPARIAN		
Peregrine Falcon	fair	RIPARIAN	COASTAL			
Pygmy Copperhead	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Red-capped Robin	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE	SHRUBLAND		
Red-rumped Parrot	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN			
Restless Flycatcher	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Rufous Whistler	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Sacred Kingfisher	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN		
Scarlet Robin	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST		
Shining Bronze-Cuckoo	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST		
Slender-billed Thornbill (SVG)	some	COASTAL				
Southern Brown Bandicoot	fair	HEATHY WOODLAND			High	
Southern Emu-wren	fair	WETLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND			
Southern Grass Skink	poor	WETLAND	COASTAL		High	
Southern Whiteface	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Spotless Crake	some	WETLAND				
Spotted Quail-thrush	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND			
Tawny Frogmouth	poor	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Tawny-crowned Honeyeater	some	SHRUBLAND	COASTAL	MALLEE		
Tiger Snake	poor	RIPARIAN	HEATHY WOODLAND	WETLAND	Moderate-Low	
Tree Martin	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Varied Sittella	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
Western Pygmy-possum	fair	MALLEE	HEATHY WOODLAND		High	
Whistling Kite	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	RIPARIAN			
White-browed Babbler	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	MALLEE		
White-fronted Chat	poor	SHRUBLAND	WETLAND	COASTAL		
White-naped Honeyeater	some	HEATHY WOODLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND			
White-winged Chough	fair	GRASSY WOODLAND	MALLEE			
Yellow Thornbill	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	COASTAL		
Yellow-bellied Water Skink	poor	RIPARIAN			High	
Yellow-rumped Thornbill	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	GRASSLAND	GRASSY WOODLAND		
Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo	some	GRASSY WOODLAND	HEATHY WOODLAND	HEATHY OPEN FOREST		
Zebra Finch	poor	GRASSY WOODLAND	SHRUBLAND	WETLAND		

9.	
Recovery Management & Research
9.1	Flora Species
Note, this list should be considered a provisional inventory only of recovery management and research occurring in the AMLR region.

Species	Knowledge	Organisations	Activities	
Acacia gunnii	some	TPAG/FOSCCP/FOMGCP/APOS/DTEI/ FOER	Seed collection, propagation, restocking for some populations, threat abatement & habitat management for several sub-populations   	
Acacia menzelii	fair	MDBTFRP/MTSP/TPAG	Surveys, seed collection, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, roadside sites included in RMS	
Acacia pinguifolia	fair	TPAG/MDBTFRP/MTSP/ SCC/DEH/ Private	Bridal creeper control and seedling establishment at Finniss. Active management and monitoring at Brimarvi Road (MDB). Site action plan prepared. Seed collection EP & SL. Nurragi Conservation area. Old Milang to Sandergrove Rail Reserve. There have been several groups planted along this corridor to help conserve the local population. Surveys, monitoring, seed collection, buffer zone revegetation project, propagation & planting out, burn trial research, genetic research, weed control at 3 priority sites, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, roadside sites included in RMS, bridal creeper rust introduced to suitable sites	
Acacia rhetinocarpa	fair	MDBTFRP/TPAG/MTSP/ DEH/SCC	Active management and monitoring at Brinkley plains and Gilbert's Siding (AMLR). Site action plan prepared for Gilbert's siding. Bridal creeper control and seedling establishment at Finniss. Monitoring/ weeding at Pine Point, Yorke Peninsula. Seed collection from Monarto. Surveys, seed collection, buffer zone revegetation project, propagation & planting out, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, roadside sites included in RMS, fence remnant habitat site	
Adiantum capillus-veneris	poor			
Allocasuarina robusta	some			
Amphibromus pithogastrus 	poor			
Asterolasia muricata	some	FONHCP		
Austrostipa echinata	poor			
Austrostipa oligostachya	poor			
Boronia parviflora	poor	FPSRP		
Brachyscome diversifolia	some	TPAG/SAW/FOSC/DEH	Active management and monitoring undertaken on Brachycombe diversifolia ssp. disecta at Dorset Vale. Site action plan prepared.	
Caladenia argocalla	fair	LBORP/TPAG/NOSSA/ FOSG/TFL/BEST	Active site management at Mt Beevor, Tanunda Creek (AMLR), Emu Flat, Spring Gully, Waninga, Sevenhill and Leighton Road (N&Y). Monitoring undertaken	
Caladenia behrii	fair	LBORP/TPAG/NOSSA/FOB/FOSC/DEH/FOB/ SLBORT	Recovery Plan current. Active management at Belair, Wongalere & Ironbank. Surveys & monitoring undertaken	
Caladenia bicalliata ssp. bicalliata	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Caladenia colorata	fair	MDBTFRP/MTSP/DEH	Surveys, weed control at 1 priority site, community awareness field day planned, genetic analysis research, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, roadside sites included in RMS, bridal creeper rust introduced to suitable sites	
Caladenia gladiolata	fair	LBORP/TPAG/FOSC/ NOSSA/SLBORT	Recovery Plan current. Active site management at Scott Creek. Monitoring undertaken	
Caladenia ovata	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Caladenia rigida	fair	LBORP/TPAG/DEH/SAW/ FOSC/FSA/NOSSA/FOB/ NTSA	Recovery Plan current. Active site management at Millbrook, Scott Creek, Roachdale, Belair. Survey & monitoring undertaken	
Caladenia valida	fair	TPAG/NOSSA/FONH/ LBORP	Active site management at Newland Hill. Surveys undertaken	
Caladenia vulgaris	poor			
Caleana major	some	NOSSA/TPAG	Habitat protection & population monitoring at Knott Hill	
Callistemon teretifolius	poor			
Calochilus campestris	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Calochilus cupreus	fair	TPAG/NOSSA/FOAS/DEH	Active management and monitoring at Aldinga Scrub	
Calochilus paludosus	poor			
Centrolepis glabra	poor			
Correa calycina var. calycina	fair	TPAG/HTBG/SAW/SCC/ DCVH/DEH	Active management and monitoring at Hindmarsh Falls, Hindmarsh River, Myponga CP. Site action plan prepared. Seed collection Myponga CP	
Correa eburnea	some		Surveys.	
Corybas dentatus	fair	TPAG/LBO/NOSSA/DCA	RSMS markers for Frome Road. Survey and threat abatement. Sandy Ck population re-location	
Corybas expansus	some	NOSSA		
Corybas unguiculatus	some	NOSSA		
Crassula sieberiana	poor			
Cryptostylis subulata	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Cullen parvum	some	TPAG/SAW/DEH/SCC	Active management (weeding) and monitoring at Hope Valley. Site action plan prepared. Seed collection Terowie	
Dampiera lanceolata var. intermedia	fair	TPAG/FOASCP/DEH	Active management at Aldinga Scrub.	
Daviesia pectinata 	poor			
Dianella longifolia var. grandis	fair	KB/UFBP/CO/ WRMC	Weed control to portect plants currently being undertaken at Billy Goat Hill Lenswood, Montacute CP, Peter Hrmo property Upper Sturt, Richards property Montacute, Black Hill CP, Tangari Regional Reserve, Northern Skate Park Happy Valley. Active management at Watiparinga Reserve.	
Dipodium pardalinum	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Diuris behrii	fair	NOSSA/LBORP/TPAG/FOB	Active site managament at Millbrook, Belair, Tanunda Creek	
Diuris brevifolia	fair	TPAG/LBORP/FOSC/ NOSSA/FSA	Active site management at Knott Hill, Wilson Hill.	
Eleocharis atricha	poor			
Eremophila gibbifolia	poor			
Eucalyptus cneorifolia	poor			
Eucalyptus paludicola	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Eucalyptus phenax ssp. compressa	poor			
Euphrasia collina ssp. osbornii	some	SEWFPSRP/FONHCP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Gahnia radula	poor			
Gastrodia sesamoides	poor			
Glycine latrobeana	fair	TPAG/SCC	Site restoration and monitoring at Millbrook Reservoir. Minor seed collection from Montacute CP.	
Glycine tabacina	poor	WRMC	Active management at Watiparinga Reserve	
Gratiola pumilo	poor			
Haloragis brownii	some	FOSCCP	Weed control along Bushrat Creek	
Haloragis myriocarpa	some	TPAG	Surveys	
Helichrysum rutidolepis	some	TPAG	Weeding, site action planning and monitoring at Thomas Gully, Mount Bold	
Hibbertia tenuis	poor		Surveys	
Hydrocotyle crassiuscula	poor			
Juncus amabilis	some	TPAG/FOCSCP	Surveys, seed collections. Weed removal Bushrat Creek	
Juncus prismatocarpus	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Juncus radula	poor			
Lagenophora gracilis	some	KB	Higgs Property Pages Flat Rd, Myponga weed control	
Leionema hillebrandii	some	TPAG	Surveys, threat abatement, habitat management	
Logania minor	poor			
Luzula flaccida	poor			
Lycopodiella lateralis	poor			
Lycopodiella serpentina	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Lycopodium deuterodensum	some	TPAG	Population monitoring, habitat restoration, woody weed control, Site Action Plan completed	
Maireana decalvans	poor			
Mazus pumilio	poor			
Melaleuca squamea	poor			
Microtis atrata	some	SEWFPSRP/NOSSA	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection. NOSSA surveys	
Microtis rara	some	SEWFPSRP/NOSSA	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection. NOSSA surveys	
Montia fontana ssp. chondrosperma	some	FOSCCP/TPAG	Habitat restoration, monitoring	
Neopaxia australasica	poor			
Olearia glandulosa	poor	SEWFPSRP		
Olearia pannosa ssp. pannosa	some	TPAG/MTSP/MDBTFRP/ SCC	Seed collections from Tarcowie, Goolwa, Blackhill & Keith. Surveys, seed collection, genetic research, weed control at priority sites, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, roadside sites included in RMS, bridal creeper rust introduced to suitable sites, fence remnant habitat site	
Oreomyrrhis eriopoda	some	TPAG/SAW/SCC	Weeding, site action planning and monitoring at Thomas Gully, Mount Bold. Seed collection from private property near Lenswood. Planned collections from Mt Bold. 	
Orobanche cernua var. australiana	poor			
Paracaleana disjuncta	poor			
Paracaleana minor	some	NOSSA/LBORP/TPAG	Surveys	
Phyllanthus striaticaulis	poor			
Podolepis muelleri	poor			
Potamogeton ochreatus	poor			
Prasophyllum australe	some	NOSSA/SEWFPSRP	Surveys by NOSSA. Potentially benefited by MLRSEW swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Prasophyllum fecundum	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Prasophyllum fitzgeraldii	poor			
Prasophyllum murfetii	some	NOSSA/SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Prasophyllum occultans	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Prasophyllum pallidum	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Prasophyllum pruinosum	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Pratia puberula	poor			
Prostanthera chlorantha	poor			
Prostanthera eurybioides	fair	SAMDBTFRP/MTSP	Surveys, monitoring, seed collection, genetic research, weed control at priority sites, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, bridal creeper rust introduced to suitable sites	
Psilotum nudum	some	TPAG	Monitoring	
Pteris tremula	some	TPAG/HTBG	Habitat restoration, monitoring	
Pterostylis arenicola	fair	TPAG/DEH/NOSSA/MTSP/ SAMDBTFRP	Active site management at Grange Golf Course. Surveys & monitoring undertaken. Surveys, population database, fact sheets, mapping, recovery plan, bridal creeper rust introduced to suitable sites	
Pterostylis bryophila	fair	TPAG/LBORP/NOSSA/ FOMBCP	Recovery Plan current. Active site management at Mount Billy CP. Hindmarsh Reservoir & Hindmarsh Falls. Surveys and monitoring undertaken.	
Pterostylis cucullata ssp. sylvicola	fair	TPAG/LBORP/NOSSA/ FOBNP/SLBRT	Recovery Plan current. Active site management at Belair NP and Bushland Park. Surveys and monitoring	
Pterostylis curta	some	TPAG/LBORP/NOSSA/ FOBNP	Some surveys. Benefited by habitat restoration work for P.cucullata 	
Pterostylis falcata	some	SEWFPSRP/FOSSCP/TPAG/NOSSA	Potentially benefited by MLRSEW swamp habitat restoration/protection. Habitat restoration & monitoring	
Pterostylis sp. Hale (R.Bates 21725)	some	NOSSA	Surveys. Previously included in LBORP but taken off due to taxonomic issues.	
Pterostylis uliginosa	some	NOSSA/SEWFPSRP	Surveys & monotoring by NOSSA. Previously by LBORP. Potentially benefited by MLRSEW swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Pultenaea dentata	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Pultenaea viscidula	poor			
Ranunculus inundatus	some	KB/UFBP	Delaney and Smith properties Norton Summit weed control	
Ranunculus papulentus	poor			
Schizaea bifida	poor	SEWFPSRP/ FOER	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection. Managed at Engelbrook Reserve.	
Schizaea fistulosa	poor			
Schoenus discifer	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Schoenus latelaminatus	poor			
Senecio megaglossus	poor			
Spiranthes australis	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Spyridium coactilifolium	some	TPAG/FONHCP/SCC	Weed control (Boneseed), seed collection and site action planning at Victor Harbor. Seed collection Parsons Beach	
Tecticornia  flabelliformis	some			
Thelymitra circumsepta	some	NOSSA/TPAG	Surveys	
Thelymitra cyanapicata	fair	LBORP/NOSSA/TPAG/ SLBORT/FSA	Surveys & habitat protection at Knott Hill.	
Thelymitra cyanea	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Thelymitra holmesii	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Thelymitra inflata	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Thelymitra mucida	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Thelymitra peniculata	some	NOSSA	Surveys	
Todea barbara	some	TPAG	Surveys, monitoring, habitat management	
Tricostularia pauciflora	poor			
Trymalium wayi	poor			
Utricularia lateriflora	poor	SEWFPSRP	Potentially benefited by SEWFPSRP swamp habitat restoration/protection	
Veronica derwentiana ssp. anisodonta	poor			
Veronica derwentiana ssp. homalodonta	some	TPAG/FOSCCP/SCC/DEH/Private	A site action plan has been written for Bushrat Creek. Seed collection from Mt Lofty Ranges populations. Creekbed restoration by Friends of Scott Creek CP. Active managment and monitoring at Scott Creek, Ironbank, Devils Gully, Warren CP.	
Viola betonicifolia ssp. betonicifolia	some	TPAG/SAW	Weeding, site action planning and monitoring at Thomas Gully, Mount Bold	
Wurmbea uniflora	some	TPAG/SAW	Weeding, seed collection, site action planning and monitoring at Thomas Gully, Mount Bold	
Xyris operculata	poor			

Abbreviations:
CO	City of Onkaparinga	
DEH	Department for Environment & Heritage	
FOASCP	Friends of Aldinga Scrub CP	
FOBNP	Friends of Belair NP	
FOER	Friends of Engelbrook Reserve	
FOMBCP	Friends of Mount Billy CP	
FOMGCP	Friends of Mount George CP	
FONHCP	Friends of Newland Head CP	
FOSCCP	Friends of Scott Creek CP	
FSA	Forestry SA	
HTBG	Hindmarsh Tiers Biodiversity Group	
KB	Keiran Brewer	
LBORP	Lofty Block Orchid Recovery Program	
MDBTFRT	Murray Darling Basin Threatened Flora Recovery Team	
MTSP	Murraylands Threatened Species Project	
NOSSA	Native Orchid Society of South Australia	
SAW	SA Water	
SEWFPSRP	Southern Emu-wren/Fleurieu Peninsula Swamps Recovery Program	
TPAG	Threatened Plant Action Group	
UFBP	Urban Forests Biodiversity Program	
WRMC	Watiparinga Reserve Management Committee	

9.2	
Fauna Species
Note, this list should be considered a provisional inventory only of recovery management and research occurring in the AMLR region.

Species (Common name)	Knowledge	Notes	
Australasian Bittern	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Baillon's Crake	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Bassian Thrush	poor		
Beautiful Firetail	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Black-chinned Honeyeater	fair	Local research by Paton PA (2002), Chapman (1995), Paton et al. (1999) and Paton (2002)	
Brown Quail	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Brown Toadlet	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland/heath restoration and protection	
Brown Treecreeper	fair		
Brown-headed Honeyeater	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP restoration and protection, local research by Willoughby (2005)	
Brush Bronzewing	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Buff-banded Rail	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Carpet Python	poor		
Chestnut-rumped Heathwren (MLR ssp)	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection, DEH fire management surveys	
Chestnut-rumped Thornbill	poor		
Crested Shrike-tit	poor		
Cunningham's Skink	some	Some survey work by Herpetology Group	
Diamond Firetail	some	Some research by Read JL (1994), Houdet (2003), Ankor (2005 pending)	
Eastern Water Skink	poor		
Fairy Martin	poor		
Fan-tailed Cuckoo	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Five-lined Earless Dragon	poor		
Flinders Worm Lizard	some		
Heath Goanna	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Hooded Robin (South-eastern)	some	Some research by Paton & Rogers (2003), Gillespie (2005)	
Horsfield's Bronze-cuckoo	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Jacky Winter	poor		
Lewin's Rail	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Little Wattlebird	poor		
Olive Snake-lizard	poor		
Orange-bellied Parrot	fair		
Painted Button-quail	poor		
Pallid Cuckoo	some		
Peregrine Falcon	fair		
Pygmy Copperhead	poor		
Red-capped Robin	some	Some research by Paton & Rogers (2003), Gillespie (2005)	
Red-rumped Parrot	poor		
Restless Flycatcher	some	Some research by Paton & Rogers (2003), Gillespie (2005)	
Rufous Whistler	some		
Sacred Kingfisher	poor		
Scarlet Robin	fair	Some research by Heddle (1999), Paton et al. (2004)	
Shining Bronze-Cuckoo	some		
Slender-billed Thornbill (St Vinc. Gulf ssp.)	some		
Southern Brown Bandicoot	fair	DEH Adelaide Region recovery project	
Southern Emu-wren	fair		
Southern Grass Skink	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Southern Whiteface	poor		
Spotless Crake	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Spotted Quail-thrush	poor		
Tawny Frogmouth	poor		
Tawny-crowned Honeyeater	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Tiger Snake	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Tree Martin	poor		
Varied Sittella	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Western Pygmy-possum	fair	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection, University of Adelaide research	
Whistling Kite	poor		
White-browed Babbler	fair	Local research by Tan MSM (1996)	
White-fronted Chat	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
White-naped Honeyeater	some	Local research by Willoughby (2005)	
White-winged Chough	fair		
Yellow Thornbill	some	Some research by Allan (2004)	
Yellow-bellied Water Skink	poor	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP wetland restoration and protection	
Yellow-rumped Thornbill	some	Local research by Davill C (2001)	
Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo	some	Potential benefit from SEWFPSRP heath restoration and protection	
Zebra Finch	poor		

10.	Broad Vegetation Groups 
10.1	Descriptions

BVG	Description	
Coastal	Subject to the influences of coastal environments. This includes sheltered and exposed cliffs on non-calcareous substrates, sheltered and exposed dunes on non-calcareous or calcareous substrates, and sheltered tidal zones. Coastal vegetation faces different environmental conditions than terrestrial vegetation, and in particular, it must be able to tolerate exposure, high salt content and unstable substrates such as sandy soils and eroded cliff-tops. parameters such as geology and level of exposure are important determinants of the type and composition of coastal vegetation that will persist at a particular coastal location. 	
Grassland	Few or no trees, and an understorey dominated by native grasses and herbs. Grasslands may have patches of shrubs in the mid-storey, particularly on shallow and rocky soils. All grasslands in the AMLR are tussock grasslands, having discrete clumps or tussocks of grasses, herbs or sedges. Inter-tussock spaces consist of bare ground with a diverse range of herbs and annual plans emerging in spring. Grasslands with an emergent tree or shrub layer have been classified in this document as grasslands with emergents. However, in reality, vegetation is a continuum with subtle intergrades between grasslands, grasslands with emergents and grassy woodlands.	
Grassy Woodland	Woodlands with an understorey dominated by grasses, herbaceous species (e.g. daisies, lilies) and sedges, a scattered shrub layer and a discontinuous tree layer.
Grassy woodlands have an overstorey typically dominated by eucalypts, including smooth-barked gums and/or box. Tree density is variable, but a typical grassy woodland may have a tree density of approximately 30 trees per hectare, which results in some open areas without canopy. In high rainfall areas, tree density may be higher resulting in woodlands that resemble forests. The mid-storey of grassy woodlands may contain scattered woody shrubs. Shrub density is highly variable between communities and individual patches of vegetation, probably reflecting soil quality and fire history. Grassy woodlands contain a very high diversity of native plant species. This diversity is particularly apparent during spring, when many species of wildflower emerge from spaces between grass tussocks.	
Heathy Open Forest	Forest with a canopy dominated by eucalypts, and a dense understorey comprising many species of low shrubs, generally with small, hard leaves (sclerophyllous). The understorey is dominated by the Families Dilleniaceae (e.g. Hibbertia spp.), Epacridaceae (e.g. Acrotriche fasciculiflora, Astroloma humifusum), Leguminosae (e.g. Pultenaea involucrata, Platylobium obtusangulum, Acacia myrtifolia) and Proteaceae (e.g. Hakea rostrata). The understorey also contains abundant lilies and orchids, and sparse but diverse native grasses. A sparse midstorey of Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon, Native Cherry Exocarpus cupressiformis and banksias Banksia spp. may be present. The understorey and midstorey density is heterogeneous, with structure dependant upon fire history and other disturbance.	
Heathy Woodland	Similar to heathy open forest, heathy woodland has a dense understorey and midstorey of a variety of low small-leaved (sclerophyllous) shrubs. These layers have high structural diversity, but contain fewer species than that of grassy woodlands. Most of the midstorey and understorey species listed under heathy open forest would also be found in heathy woodland. The overstorey is more widely spaced than in heathy open forest. Most heathy woodland is dominated by eucalypts (often stringybarks), although some is dominated by native pines.	
Mallee	Vegetation with low, characteristically multi-stemmed trees. Mallee may have a grassy or shrubby understorey, or a mixture of both – the type of understorey is dependant upon soil and rainfall patterns. Chenopod low shrubs are dominant in arid areas, sandy soils support a more grassy understorey with Triodia spp. hummocks, and in high rainfall areas, mallee may have a midstorey comprising sclerophyllous shrubs. Mallee has a dense ground layer of twigs and leaf litter and good soil crust.	
Riparian	Vegetation found along watercourses and on flood plains. Riparian zones represent transition areas between land and water. The natural vegetation of these areas usually reflects the better soils and moist conditions found in the lower parts of the landscape. In the AMLR, riparian zones can be separated into two distinct types. The first is the creeks and gullies of the steeper slopes and ridges of the Mount Lofty Ranges, where riparian zones are dominated by tall open forests of Candlebarks, Manna Gums, Swamp Gums, Blackwoods and Stringybarks. The second type of riparian zone is the Red Gum dominated drainage lines of the foothills and eastern flanks. Riparian zones support typically dense vegetation, with dense understorey, shrublayer and overstorey. Red Gum drainage lines support more open vegetation, with some open grassy patches in the understorey.	
Shrubland	Vegetation with an open to very dense layer of shrubs up to 2 m in height, with few or no trees. Shrubland types in the AMLR include coastal chenopod shrublands, low-rainfall open plains shrublands, and high-rainfall sclerophyllous shrublands.	
Wetland	A number of wetland types are found in the AMLR. Discussion of these wetlands and their conservation requirements is included under freshwater aquatic biodiversity. However, native vegetation associations specific to freshwater wetlands are considered in this section. In the AMLR, wetland vegetation is associated with: freshwater swamps of the MLR and lower Fleurieu Peninsula; seasonal wetlands of the Adelaide Plains; estuarine creeks of the south coast (considered under coastal); and Red Gum wetlands along creeks featuring waterholes with fringing reeds (considered under riparian). Freshwater swamp vegetation in the AMLR is shrub-dominated and typically very dense. This vegetation has high structural and floristic diversity, and contains many endemic and naturally rare plants. Seasonal wetlands on the Adelaide plains were flat areas with open water and fringing vegetation such as macrophytes, lignum and samphire.	

10.2	
Vegetation Associations

Broad Vegetation Group	Vegetation Association	
Coastal
	Basement rock 	
	Low cliffs/hills 	
	Estuarine 	
	Landward of saltmarsh 	
	Mangroves 	
	Saltmarsh 	
	Dunes 	
	Plains/estuarine 	
Grassland
	Lomandra effusa / L. multiflora tussock grassland 	
	Stipa spp., Danthonia spp. Grassland 	
	Themeda triandra grassland 	
Grassy Woodland
	A. verticillata grassland w/ emergents 	
	A. verticillata grassland w/ emergents (heath) 	
	Banksia marginata grassland w/ emergents 	
	Callitris preissii grassland w/ emergents 	
	E. fasciculosa + E. leucoxylon grassland w/ emergents 	
	E. behriana +/- E. odorata grassy woodland 	
	E. fasciculosa grassy woodland 	
	E. largiflorens grassy woodland 	
	E. leucoxylon grassy woodland 	
	E. leucoxylon ssp pruinosa grassy woodland 	
	E. microcarpa grassy woodland 	
	E. odorata grassy woodland 	
	E. porosa grassy woodland 	
	E. viminalis ssp. cygnetensis grassy woodland 	
Heathy Open Forest	E. obliqua and/or E. baxteri heathy open forest 	
Heathy Woodland
	Callitris preissii heathy woodland 	
	E. fasciculosa heathy woodland 	
	E. baxteri heathy woodland 	
	E. baxteri, E. cosmophylla, E. fasciculosa heathy woodland 	
	E. cosmophylla, E. fasciculosa heathy woodland 	
	E. goniocalyx heathy woodland 	
	E. leucoxylon shrubby woodland	
	E. obliqua + E. cosmophylla heathy woodland 	
	E. obliqua + E. fasciculosa heathy woodland 	
	E. obliqua + E. goniocalyx heathy woodland 	
Mallee
	E. calycogona var. calycogona +/- E. dumosa over shrubs/grasses 	
	E. incrassata mixed mallee 	
	E. phenax,  E. dumosa, E. socialis mallee 	
	Mallee zone shrubland 	
Riparian	E. camaldulensis riparian or grassy woodland 	
	E. viminalis and/or E. dalrympleana riparian woodland	
Shrubland
	Allocasuarina muelleriana heath 	
	Banksia marginata shrubland 	
	Callitris rhomboidea shrubland 	
	Maireana aphylla shrubland 	
	Melaleuca uncinata shrubland 	
	Senna artemisioides ssp. petiolaris, +/- Eremophila longifolia shrubland	
Wetland
	E. ovata woodland over wet heath 	
	Gahnia filum +/- Bolboschoenus caldwellii sedgeland 	
	Leptospermum lanigerum shrubland 	
	Phragmites australis +/- Typha sp. sedgeland 	

11.	Threat Analysis
Species and ecological communities in the AMLR are at risk as a result of a combination of historical, current and potential threats. Species have initially become threatened because of historical actions, in particular the vast clearance of native vegetation, causing populations to become reduced in size and restricted to small and isolated pockets of remaining habitat. 
11.1	Threat Terminology and Categorisation
What is a stress?
Stresses are impaired aspects of conservation targets that result directly or indirectly from threats. In essence, stresses are degraded key ecological attributes, e.g. habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, altered hydrological regimes, low population size.
For example, ‘habitat loss’ (stress) is the result of “residential and commercial development” (direct threat). 
Identifying the stresses and their relationship with the threats is an important step in understanding their  impact on threatened species, and appropriate direction for management, as highlighted by the following example: 
	The construction of a road across a watercourse is identified as a threat to native fish. Without 	considering what the stress is resulting from the threat, one would draw the conclusion that the 	construction of the road must be refused. But the stress is not the road, it is the loss of water flow. 	Given this, consideration could be given to ways to keep tidal waters flowing whilst allowing 	development of the road to proceed (e.g. culverts may be the answer).
It can be difficult identifying stresses and threats in a consistent style. In cases where the decision isn’t clear, it is more important that they be considered in the analysis process rather than spending too much time deciding into which category they fit. 
There are many cases where the human caused threats have been abated, but the persistent stresses are still affecting the targets, e.g. habitat loss and fragmentation caused by historical land clearance. This further highlights the importance of identifying the stresses in the first instance, thereby ensuring the impacts of such historical actions are not overlooked in the formulation of management actions. 
What is a direct threat? 
Direct threats (also known as ‘sources of stress’) are the proximate activities or processes that have caused, are causing or may cause the stresses, by physically causing the destruction or degrading the integrity of the conservation target. For example, a roadside plant population might be affected by the direct threats of road maintenance and stock grazing. 
Direct threats can be classed as historical (occurred in the past, although their effects may still persist), current, or future (not actively occurring, but have some probability of occurring in the future).
For the most part, direct threats are limited to human activities. There is often a fine line between a naturally occurring event such as a fire started by lighting and a human-caused threat such as a deliberate fire or even increased intensity of fires due to management practices. In general, a direct threat in the context of this plan is human induced. In systems that depend on human actions to maintain biodiversity such as the use of prescribed burns, the removal or alteration of these management activities may also constitute a threat.11,15
What is an indirect threat?
Indirect threats are the underlying causes (usually social, economic, political, institutional or cultural) that enable or otherwise contribute to the occurrence and or persistence of direct threats. For example, a lack of planning regulations (indirect threat) many allow inappropriate development (direct threat) to occur, resulting in the destruction of habitat (stress). 
Sometimes underlying indirect threats can be inferred from the direct threats. Regard for such underlying causes can present opportunities for management (e.g. revision in government regulations). The distinction between a direct threat and an indirect threat is not always clear; it is sometimes situational.15 
Threat categories
Recovery plans use varied terminology to describe threats and their relationship to one another. This plan has adopted threat terminology consistent with the Nature Conservancies Conservation Action Planning hierarchical threat categories and IUCN-CMP Unified Classification of Direct Threats.2,11 These systems provided comprehensive threat categories at the high level of classification but were incomplete at lower levels, requiring definition of some additional threat categories specific to the AMLR.  The threat analysis was mostly performed within the Nature Conservancies Conservation Action Planning Tool (Version 5, July 2007), however final summarising was undertaken outside of this tool.
A detailed summary of the broad threat categories, and the more specific threat categories relevant to the AMLR threatened species is provided in the main plan. The threat analysis was performed at the broad threat category level for some threats, and at the more specific level for others, depending on the significance of the threat sub-categories, the quality of available information, and the level of detail necessary in establishing suitable management actions. The analysis focused on the direct threats currently impacting, or likely to have impact on the species within the next five year period (i.e. the life of the plan). Many species are clearly suffering prolonged stress associated with past threats. For example, vegetation clearance was not considered a current direct threat and so was not assessed. However, threats that currently cause incremental vegetation clearance were assessed (e.g. residential development).

Threat Categories
Broad Threat Categories (IUCN)	Threat categories used for analysis	
(1) Agriculture
Threats from grazing and agricultural expansion, intensification, and change in agricultural land use	•	Grazing & Disturbance by Stock
•	Intensive Agriculture	
(2) Biological Resource Use 
Threats from consumptive use of "wild" biological resources including both deliberate and unintentional harvesting effects; also persecution or control of specific species	•	Firewood Harvest & Rock Removal
•	Fishing & Harvesting of Aquatic Resources
•	Illegal Hunting or Collection	
(3) Climate Change & Severe Weather 
Threats from long-term climatic changes which may be linked to global warming and other severe climatic/weather events that are outside of the natural range of variation, or potentially can wipe out a vulnerable species or habitat	•	Climate Change, Drought & Severe Weather	
(4) Energy Production & Mining 
Threats from production of non-biological resources	•	Mining & Quarrying	
(5) Human Intrusions & Disturbance
Threats from human activities that alter, destroy and disturb habitats and species associated with non-consumptive uses of biological resources	•	Recreational Activities & Site Disturbance	
(6) Invasive & Other Problematic Species & Genes 
Threats from non-native and native plants, animals, pathogens/microbes, or genetic materials that have or are predicted to have harmful effects on biodiversity following their introduction, spread and/or increase in abundance	•	Competition with Honey Bees
•	Disease & Insect Damage
•	Grazing & Disturbance by Deer or Goats
•	Grazing & Disturbance by Kangaroos
•	Phytophthora* 
•	Predation & Competition by Introduced Birds
•	Predation & Competition by Introduced Fish
•	Predation & Disturbance by Uncontrolled Dogs
•	Predation by European Fox
•	Predation by Feral & Uncontrolled Cats
•	Problematic Native Species (other)
•	Weed Invasion	
(7) Natural System Modifications 
Threats from actions that convert or degrade habitat in service of “managing” natural or semi-natural systems, often to improve human welfare	•	Fire Management Activities
•	Inappropriate Fire Regimes
•	Inappropriate Site Management
•	Removal of Snags
•	Water Management & Use	
(8) Pollution 
Threats from introduction of exotic and/or excess materials (e.g. chemicals, solid rubbish) or energy from point and non-point sources	•	Pollution & Poisoning (Chemical, Solid Waste & Other) 	
(9) Residential & Commercial Development 
Threats from human settlements or other non-agricultural land uses with a substantial footprint	•	Residential & Commercial Development	
(10) Transportation & Service Corridors 
Threats from long narrow transport corridors and the vehicles that use them including associated wildlife mortality	•	Road-kill 
•	Road, Rail & Utilities Maintenance Activities 	

Direct Threat Hierarchy
Direct Threat Category Level 1 (IUCN)	Direct Threat Category Level 2 (IUCN)	Direct Threat Category Level 3 (plan specific categories)	Links to Stresses	
Agriculture	Annual & Perennial Non-Timber Crops	Intensive Agriculture	E, B 	
	Marine & Freshwater Aquaculture			
	Livestock Farming	Grazing & Disturbance by Stock	A, B, E, G, I	
Biological Resource Use	Hunting & Collecting terrestrial Animals	Illegal Hunting or Collection 	A, I, K, L	
	Gathering Terrestrial Plants			
	Logging & Wood Harvesting	Firewood Harvest	A, I	
	Fishing & Harvesting Aquatic Resources	Fishing & Harvesting of Aquatic Resources	A, I, K, L	
		Rock Removal	A, K	
Climate Change & Severe Weather	Drought	Climate Change, Drought & Severe Weather	A, B, C, D, F, G, H, K, L	
	Habitat Shifting and Alteration			
	Temperature Extremes			
	Storms and Flooding			
Energy Production & Mining	Mining & Quarrying	Mining & Quarrying	A, B, E, G, I, K	
Human Intrusions & Disturbance	Recreational Activities	Recreational Activities & Site Disturbance	A, B, G, I, K	
	Work and other Activities			
Invasive & Other Problematic Species & Genes	Invasive Non-Native/ Alien Species	Phytophthora	A, B, G, I, L	
		Disease/Dieback & Insect Damage	A, B, E, G, I, K, L	
		Predation by European Fox	I 	
		Predation by Feral & Uncontrolled Cats	I	
		Grazing & Disturbance by Rabbits	A, K, L	
		Grazing & Disturbance by Deer or Goats	A, K, L	
		Predation/ Competition by Introduced Birds	I, K 	
		Predation/ Competition by Introduced Fish	A, I, K	
		Competition with Honey Bees	I, K, L	
		Predation & Disturbance by Uncontrolled Dogs	I, K	
		Weed Invasion	A, B, G, I, K, L	
	Problematic Native Species
	Grazing & Disturbance by Kangaroos	A, B, I, K, L	
		Problematic Native Species (Other) 	I, K, L	
Natural System Modifications	Fire & Fire Suppression	Inappropriate Fire Regimes	A, C, E, F, G, H, I, K	
		Fire Management Activities 	A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I, K, L	
	Dams & Water Management/Use	Water Management & Use	A, D, E, F, H, I, K	
	Other Ecosystem Modifications	Incompatible Site Management	A, B, G, I, K	
		Removal of Snags 	A, E, K, L	
Pollution	Household Sewage & Urban Waste Water	Pollution & Poisoning (chemical, solid waste & other)
	A, F, I, K
	
	Industrial & Military Effluents			
	Agricultural & Solid Waste			
	Garbage and Solid Waste			
	Air-Borne Pollutants			
Residential & Commercial Development	Housing & Urban Areas	Residential & Commercial Development	A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L	
	Commercial & Industrial Areas			
	Tourism & Recreation Areas			
Transportation & Service Corridors	Roads & Railroads	Road/ Rail & Utilities Maintenance Activities	A, B, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L	
	Utility & Service Lines			
		Road Kill	J	

Stress Hierarchy and links to AMLR current direct threats
Stress Category Level 1	Stress Category 2	Stress Category 3	Link to Threats	
Ecosystem/Community Stresses	Ecosystem Conversion	Habitat Loss and Modification 	A	
		Incremental Clearance 	B	
	Ecosystem Degradation	Altered Fire Regimes 	C	
		Altered Hydrological Regimes (drainage, diversion, extraction, regulation, altered flow regimes) 	D	
	Indirect Ecosystem Effects	Fragmentation of Existing Habitat (isolation of populations) 	E	
		Barriers to Dispersal 	F	
		Edge Effects 	G	
		Distance Effects (isolation) 	H	
Species Stresses	Species Mortality	Species Mortality General (e.g. killing or capturing species) 	I	
		Road Mortality 	J	
	Species Disturbance	Species Disturbance (e.g. disruption of critical life stages)  	K	
	Indirect Species Effects	Indirect Species Effects (e.g. inbreeding, loss of pollinator or host, increased competition) 	L	

11.2	Threat Rating Criteria 
The threat analysis was performed within the Nature Conservancies Conservation Action Planning (CAP) Tool, a Microsoft Excel based workbook used by environmental practitioners around the world to guide conservation action.16 The CAP Tool has many components; only a simplified version of the threat analysis function was utilised in this plan, the main benefits being transparency and the ability to easily revisit and update the ratings. 
The first step was to rate the Severity and Scope of each threat, based on defined criteria. These ratings were combined to obtain an overall Threat Magnitude rating. Given that documented information on the severity and scope was lacking for most threats, workshops were held with threatened flora and fauna experts to inform the threat analysis process. 
The CAP Tool has inbuilt formulae to calculate an overall status for each threat across all species. However, an alternative method was used to summarise and rank threats to determine an overall regional rating for each threat. This was performed within flora, fauna, freshwater fish groups and broad vegetation groups, by:
1.	Allocating scores to the threat magnitude ratings
2.	Summing the scores for each threat
3.	Ranking the threat according to the score
4.	Classifying the threat rankings into descriptive classes according to the maximum threat score (75-100% = very high; 50-75% = high; 30-50% = medium-high; 20-30% = medium; 1-20% = low)
The threat of Inappropriate Fire Regimes was particularly difficult to rate consistently because of the significant gaps in the knowledge of species’ fire requirements. This should be taken into consideration when assessing the ratings (i.e. the lack of a rating for this threat may be due to a lack of information). The threat of Phytophthora and Dieback has been assessed at the Broad Vegetation Group level, but could not be assessed on a species-based level because there is currently no information on susceptibility of the species included in this plan. Instead, inference was drawn about Phytophthora risk based on species’ occurrence within two kilometres of known or suspected Phytophthora infestations (see the individual species profiles, Appendices Part B).

1. The Severity and Scope of each threat is determined, based on defined criteria.
Severity: The level of damage to the conservation target that can reasonably be expected within 5 years under current circumstances (i.e. given the continuation of the existing situation) .
•	Very High: The threat is likely to destroy or eliminate the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence in the region.
•	High: The threat is likely to seriously degrade the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence in the region.
•	Medium: The threat is likely to moderately degrade the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence in the region.
•	Low: The threat is likely to only slightly impair the conservation target over some portion of the target’s occurrence in the region.
	
Scope: Most commonly defined spatially as the geographic scope of impact on the conservation   target in the region can reasonably be expected within 5 years under current circumstances (i.e. given the continuation of the existing situation).
•	Very High: The threat is likely to be very widespread or pervasive in its scope, and affect the conservation target throughout the target’s occurrences in the region.
•	High: The threat is likely to be widespread in its scope and affect the conservation target at many of its locations in the region.
•	Medium: The threat is likely to be localized in its scope and affect the conservation target at some of the target’s locations in the region.
•	Low: The threat is likely to be very localized in its scope and affect the conservation target at a limited portion of the target’s location in the region.
	
2. The Severity and Scope ratings are combined to give an overall  Threat Magnitude rating: 	
	
                                                                                            Severity  	

      Scope 	
	
Very High	
High	
Medium	
Low	

Very High	
Very High	
High	
Medium	
Low	

High	
High	
High	
Medium	
Low	

Medium	
Medium	
Medium	
Medium	
Low	

Low	
Low	
Low	
Low	
Low	

Severity & Scope = Threat Magnitude	
Note:
* For the purpose of this plan, the conservation targets were the threatened species, considered at the regional population level. 	
** The ratings represent the threat magnitude likely within a time period of  five years; in line with the life of the recovery plan. Longer timeframes may need to be considered for some threats.	

11.3	
Threat Analysis Limitations 
Performing a criteria-based threat analysis is a difficult process when the nature and impact of threats are not well understood.13 Whilst a genuine attempt was made to base the analysis on the best available information, it is acknowledged that there are significant gaps in our knowledge of certain species and certain threats. Information to inform the threat analysis was initially sourced from existing literature; however as threats are often referred to generically, such as ‘vegetation clearance’, ‘fragmentation’ or ‘lack of recruitment’ it was difficult to translate much of the available information into specific management actions for species. Expert opinion was heavily relied on to refine the threat analysis. The resultant threat ratings should be considered as a ‘best guess’. As further research is undertaken and more information obtained, the threat ratings should be reviewed and updated.  
The authors acknowledge the following limitations of the threat analysis:
•	The separation of threats into distinct categories is essentially artificial, given that many threats are intrinsically inter-related and can be exacerbated by other threats. The analysis is based on the primary impacts of a given threat.
•	Threats are active at a range of scales across the project area. The threat analysis for this plan was performed at a regional scale, therefore does not necessarily reflect the situation for sub-regions or individual sub-populations. 
•	The threat of vegetation clearance was not assessed per se, as it is predominantly an historical threat which combined with other direct threats has contributed to a range of ecological stresses. The act of illegal clearance and incremental legal clearance that still occurs on a small scale has been considered under the threat category of Inappropriate Site Management. Also, due to lack of knowledge and difficulty in dealing with related threat classes, it was difficult to comprehensively assess ‘disturbance regimes’, particularly relating to grazing and hydrology.
•	A general regional-scale threat category was used to rate weed invasion (rather than rating the threat of individual weed species). Due to the information available and the nature of weed invasion threats, it is difficult to rate individual weed species at the regional scale and devise meaningful management actions. However, existing weed species threat analysis information for the region was adapted and generically ranked within Broad Vegetation Groups. Implementation of the plan will involve more detailed weed threat assessment at the sub-regional and site level. 
•	A lack of a rating for a threat does not necessarily mean that the threat has no impact on the species in question. Rather, ratings were applied to threats when the impact on a species was considered significant enough to warrant recognition and some form of action (guided by the rating criteria). For example, whilst all species are potentially at low threat from illegal collection, assigning a low rating for all species would reduce the meaningfulness of the rating for species considered at real risk. 
•	In some cases, the lack of a rating for a threat may represent a lack of information, highlighting that care should be taken in interpreting the analysis results (e.g. ‘Inappropriate Fire Regimes’). Research should take precedence, particularly for threats that rate as high priority, but are not well understood. Management actions have been recommended to address information gaps.
•	It was difficult to predict the frequency and scale of impact of potential threats (e.g. Inappropriate Fire Regimes) hence making them difficult to rate in a consistent fashion.
•	Potential future threats (e.g. pest incursions) not included in the analysis may warrant priority action in the event that they occur. 
•	Based on the threat analysis criteria, a high overall threat rating is allocated when the scope and severity of the threat are high. However in the case of invasive pest species, priority action may be warranted when the scope is low and the pest can potentially be eradicated (i.e. new invaders or species yet to become well established).

12.	
Threatening Weeds (by Broad Vegetation Group)

The following information was sourced and adapted from the State of the Environment Report 20085 and other unpublished sources.

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in Heathy Open Forest
Common Name 	Species Name	
African weed-orchid	Disa bracteata	
Asparagus Fern	Asparagus scandens	
Blackberry*	Rubus spp.	
Blue Periwinkle1	Vinca major	
Bluebell Creeper^ 	Billardiera scandens	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Bridal Veil1	Asparagus declinatus	
Montpellier Broom1  	Genista monspessulana	
English Broom1	Cytisis scoparius	
Bulbil Watsonia1	Watsonia meriana var. bulbilifera	
Cotoneaster 	Cotoneaster spp.	
English Ivy 	Hedera helix	
Euryops 	Euryops abrotanifolius	
Gorse*	Ulex europaeus	
Holly 	Ilex aquifolium	
Japanese Honeysuckle 	Lonicera japonica	
Muraltia (Furze)1	Muraltia heisteria	
Spanish heath1  	Erica lusitanica	
Sweet Pittosporum1^	Pittosporum undulatum	
Sydney golden wattle^	Acacia longifolia ssp. longifolia	
Three-corner Garlic 	Allium triquetrum	
Tree heath1  	Erica arborea	
^ Non-indigenous native species; * WONS (weed of national significance); 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in Heathy Woodlands
Common Name 	Species Name	
African weed-orchid 	Disa bracteata	
Blackberry*	Rubus spp.	
Bluebell Creeper^	Billardiera scandens	
Boneseed*	Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Bridal Veil1	Asparagus declinatus	
Montpellier Broom1  	Genista monspessulana	
Buckthorn1	Rhamnus alaternus	
Cotoneaster 	Cotoneaster spp.	
Freesia1	Freesia alba x F. leichtlinii	
Gorse*	Ulex europaeus	
Myrtle-leaved Milkwort 	Polygala myrtifolia	
Pussy-tail Grass1	Pentaschistis pallida	
Spanish heath1  	Erica lusitanica	
Sydney golden wattle^	Acacia longifolia ssp. longifolia	
Tree heath1  	Erica arborea	
^ Non-indigenous native species; * WONS; 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in Grassy Woodlands and Grasslands
Common Name 	Species Name	
-	Oxalis brasiliensis	
Cane Needlegrass+	Nassella hyalina	
Espartillo+	Achnatherum caudatum	
Lobed Needlegrass+	Nassella charruana	
Mexican Feather Grass+	Nassella tenuissima	
Serrated Tussock+	Nasella trichotoma	
African Boxthorn	Lycium ferocissmum	
African Feather Grass1  	Pennisetum macrourum	
African Lovegrass1	Eragrostis curvula	
African weed-orchid 	Disa bracteata	
Athel Pine*	Tamarix aphylla	
Bluebell Creeper^	Billardiera scandens	
Boneseed*	Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera	
Briar Rose1	Rosa spp.	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Bridal Veil1	Asparagus declinatus	
Broad-leaved Cotton Bush 	Gomphocarpus cancellatus	
Montpellier Broom1  	Genista monspessulana	
Buckthorn1	Rhamnus alaternus	
Bulbil Watsonia1		Watsonia meriana var. bulbilifera	
Chilean Needlegrass*	Nassella neesiana	
Cocksfoot 	Dactylis glomerata	
Coolatai Grass1	Hyparrhenia hirta	
Cotoneaster 	Cotoneaster spp.	
Edible Asparagus 	Asparagus officinalis	
Fountain grass1  	Pennisetum setaceum	
Freesia1	Freesia alba x F. leichtlinii	
Gorse*	Ulex europaeus	
Hawthorn1		Crataegus monogyna	
Longstyle Feathergrass1  	Pennisetum villosum	
Narrow-Leaf Cotton Bush 	Gomphocarpus fruticosus	
Olive1	Olea europaea	
One-Leaf Cape Tulip 	Moraea flaccida	
Soursob	Oxalis pes-caprae	
Perennial Veldt Grass 	Ehrharta calycina	
Phalaris 	Phalaris aquatica	
Pussy-tail Grass1	Pentaschistis pallida	
Ribwort 	Plantago lanceolata	
Rice Millet	Piptatherum miliaceum	
Scabious1	Scabiosa atropurpurea	
Sorrel 	Acetosella vulgaris	
Sparaxis 	Sparaxis bulbifera	
Spiny Rush 	Juncus acutus	
St John's Wort 	Hypericum perforatum	
Tall Wheatgrass 	Thinopyrum ponticum	
Tangier Pea 	Lathyrus tingitanus	
Texan Needlegrass 	Nassella leucotricha	
Topped Lavender 	Lavandula stoechas	
Tree Lucerne1	Chamaecytisus palmensis	
Two-Leaf Cape Tulip 	Moraea miniata	
Wild Gladiolus 	Gladiolus spp.	
Yorkshire Fog 	Holcus lanatus	
+ Emerging weeds not yet in AMLR region; ^ Non-indigenous native species; * WONS; 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in Wetlands
Common Name 	Scientific Name	
Arum Lily 	Zantedeschia aethiopica	
Blackberry*	Rubus spp.	
Blue Morning Glory 	Ipomoea indica	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Montpellier Broom1  	Genista monspessulana	
Clover 	Trifolium spp.	
Cocksfoot 	Dactylis glomerata	
Fountain grass1  	Pennisetum setaceum	
Gorse*	Ulex europaeus	
Hawthorn1	Crataegus monogyna	
Jointed Rush 	Juncus articulatus	
Paspalum 	Paspalum dilatatum	
Phalaris 	Phalaris aquatica	
Radiata Pine 	Pinus radiata	
Spiny Rush 	Juncus acutus	
Watercress 	Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum	
Yorkshire Fog 	Holcus lanatus	
* WONS; 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in Riparian vegetation
Common Name 	Species Name	
African Boxthorn 	Lycium ferocissmum	
African Feather Grass1  	Pennisetum macrourum	
African weed-orchid 	Disa bracteata	
Arum Lily 	Zantedeschia aethiopica	
Athel Pine*	Tamarix aphylla	
Blackberry*	Rubus spp.	
Blue Morning Glory 	Ipomoea indica	
Blue Periwinkle1	Vinca major	
Boneseed*	Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera	
Briar spp.1	Rosa spp.	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Montpellier Broom1  	Genista monspessulana	
Buckthorn1	Rhamnus alaternus	
Bulbil Watsonia1	Watsonia meriana var. bulbilifera	
Cocksfoot 	Dactylis glomerata	
Creeping Yellowcress 	Rorippa sylvestris	
Crow Garlic 	Allium vineale	
Desert Ash1	Fraxinus angustifolia	
Edible Asparagus 	Asparagus officinalis	
English Ivy 	Hedera helix	
Fountain grass1  	Pennisetum setaceum	
Giant Reed 	Arundo donax	
Gorse*	Ulex europaeus	
Hawthorn1	Crataegus monogyna	
Jointed Rush 	Juncus articulatus	
Nasturtium 	Tropaeolum majus	
Olive1		Olea europaea	
Soursob	Oxalis pes-caprae	
Paspalum 	Paspalum dilatatum	
Phalaris 	Phalaris aquatica	
Ribwort 	Plantago lanceolata	
Sparaxis 	Sparaxis bulbifera	
Spiny Rush 	Juncus acutus	
Sweet Pittosporum1^	Pittosporum undulatum	
Tangier Pea 	Lathyrus tingitanus	
Three-corner Garlic 	Allium triquetrum	
Tree Lucerne1  	Chamaecytisus palmensis	
Willows* 	Salix spp.	
Yorkshire Fog 	Holcus lanatus	
^Non-indigenous native species; * WONS; 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in Mallee
Common Name 	Species Name	
Boneseed*	Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Bridal Veil1	Asparagus declinatus	
Buckthorn1	Rhamnus alaternus	
Crow Garlic 	Allium vineale	
Fountain grass1  	Pennisetum setaceum	
Longstyle Feathergrass1  	Pennisetum villosum	
Olive1		Olea europaea	
Perennial Veldt Grass 	Ehrharta calycina	
Prickly Pear 	Opuntia spp.	
Scabious1	Scabiosa atropurpurea	
*WONS; 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

Weeds posing a moderate to high threat in the Coastal vegetation
Common Name 	Species Name	
-	Oxalis brasiliensis	
African Boxthorn 	Lycium ferocissimum	
African Orchid 	Disa bracteata	
Berry Seablite 	Suaeda baccifera	
Boneseed*	Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera	
Bridal Creeper*	Asparagus asparagoides	
Bridal Veil1	Asparagus declinatus	
Buckthorn1	Rhamnus alaternus	
Coast Tea-tree^	Leptospermum laevigatum	
Common Ice Plant 	Mesembryanthemum crystallinum	
Dune Onion Weed 	Trachyandra divaricata	
False Caper 	Euphorbia terracina	
Gazania1	Gazania spp.	
Golden pallenis	Pallenis spinosa	
Golden Wreath Wattle^	Acacia saligna	
Gorse*	Ulex europaeus	
Hottentot Fig 	Carpobrotus edulis	
Lavatory Creeper 	Dipogon lignosus	
Marguerite Daisy 	Argyranthemum frutescens	
Mirror-bush 	Coprosma repens	
Myrtle-leaf Milkwort 	Polygala myrtifolia	
Olive1	Olea europaea ssp. europaea	
Perennial Veldt Grass 	Ehrharta calycina	
Pyp Grass 	Ehrharta villosa var. maxima	
Scabiosa	Scabiosa atropurpurea	
Sea Spurge 	Euphorbia paralias	
Soursob 	Oxalis pes-caprae	
Spiny Rush 	Juncus acutus	
Sydney Golden Wattle^	Acacia longifolia ssp. longifolia	
Tufted Honey-flower 	Melianthus comosus	
Western Coastal Wattle 	Acacia cyclops	
White Arctotis 	Arctotis stoechadifolia	
^Non-indigenous native species; * WONS; 1 Weed is considered a high regional priority

References

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14. Planning SA (2004). Hills Face Zone Review. Department of Transport and Urban Planning, Adelaide.

15. Salafsky, N., Salzer, D., Ervin, J., Boucher, T. and Ostlie, W. (2003). Conventions for Defining, Naming, Measuring, Combining, and Mapping Threats in Conservation. An Initial Proposal for a Standard System. Draft Version.

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