National Recovery Plan for the

Strzelecki Gum

Eucalyptus strzeleckii

Oberon Carter

Prepared by Oberon Carter (Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria).

Published by the Victorian Government Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) Melbourne, November 2006.

© State of Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment 2006

This publication is copyright.  No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968.

Authorised by the Victorian Government, 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne. ISBN 1 74152 209 9
This is a Recovery Plan prepared under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, with the assistance of funding provided by the Australian Government.

This Recovery Plan has been developed with the involvement and cooperation of a range of stakeholders, but individual stakeholders have not necessarily committed to undertaking specific actions.  The attainment of objectives and the provision of funds may be subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved.  Proposed actions may be subject to modification over the life of the plan due to changes in knowledge.

Disclaimer

This publication may be of assistance to you but the State of Victoria and its employees do not guarantee that the publication is without flaw of any kind or is wholly appropriate for your particular purposes and therefore disclaims all liability for any error, loss or other consequence that may arise from you relying on any information in this publication.

An electronic version of this document is available on the DSE website www.dse.vic.gov.au

For more information contact the DSE Customer Service Centre 136 186

Citation:  Carter, O. 2006.  National Recovery Plan for the Strzelecki Gum Eucalyptus strzeleckii.  Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.

Cover Photograph: Strzelecki Gum Eucalyptus strzeleckii along a roadside near Leongatha, by
Oberon Carter.

TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY..........................................................................................................3
SPECIES INFORMATION ..................................................................................3

Description 	3

Distribution 	3

Population Information 	3

Habitat 	5

THREATS ...........................................................................................................5

RECOVERY INFORMATION..............................................................................6

Overall Objective 	6

Program Implementation 	6

Program Evaluation 	7

Recovery Actions and Performance Criteria 	8

Management Practices 	11

Affected Interests 	11

Role and interests of indigenous people 	11

Benefits to other species/ecological communities 	12

Social and economic impacts 	12

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................12

BIBLIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................12

PRIORITY, FEASIBILITY AND ESTIMATED COSTS OF RECOVERY ACTIONS ..........................................................................................................13

FIGURES

Figure 1.  Distribution of Eucalyptus strzeleckii in Victoria. ........................................................ 3

Summary

The Strzelecki Gum Eucalyptus strzeleckii is listed as Vulnerable under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as Threatened under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.  The species is endemic to the Strzeleckii Ranges in the South and West Gippsland region of Victoria, where there are between 5,000–
15,000 individuals remaining in up to 50 wild populations.  Major threats include grazing, weed invasion, clearing and altered hydrology. This national Recovery Plan for E. strzeleckii details the species’ distribution and biology, conservation status, threats, and recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure its long-term survival.

Species Information

Description

The Strzelecki Gum Eucalyptus strzeleckii is a forest swamp gum tree growing to 30m tall
(rarely to 40 m) with smooth white bark and red-brown mottling.  Immature trees have a stocking of grey-brown sub-fibrous bark, and rough, fissured bark may persist on the lower trunk of older trees.  Seedling leaves are ovate to elliptical, decussate, shortly petiolate and slightly
impressed.  Juvenile leaves are ovate, petiolate, to 14 mm x 8 cm, glossy green, darker on one side, and alternate. Adult leaves are lanceolate to ovate, asymmetric, to 15 cm x 25 mm, alternate and glossy green.  New growth is distinctively blue-green and lightly or conspicuously waxy.  Buds are slightly ovoid, to 8 mm x 4 mm, on short pedicels, usually in clusters of seven on a broad peduncle.  The operculum is domed and tapers to a point.  Fruits are a short wineglass-shape (broader than long), to 7 mm x 6mm, on short pedicels, with 3–4 valves at the rim level (description from Rule 1992).  Little is known of the biology or ecology of the Strzelecki Gum, and in particular cues for germination and conditions required for establishment remain unknown.

Distribution

Eucalyptus strzeleckii occurs across the western section of the Strzeleckii Ranges in the South and West Gippsland region of Victoria (Rule 1992) in the South East Coastal Plain and South Eastern Highlands IBRA Bioregions (DEH 2000).  Its range extends at least as far north as Neerim South (north of Warragul), south to Foster and possibly Wilsons Promontory, west to the east coast of Westernport Bay (isolated individual stands near the mouth of the Bass River) and east to Yarram (where individuals may take on a more stunted habit; S. Taylor, DSE, pers comm.).  Historically, Eucalyptus strzeleckii is likely to have occurred across much of the
Strzeleckii Ranges, which were heavily timbered in the early 20th century (Rule 1992).

Figure 1. Distribution of Eucalyptus strzeleckii in Victoria

Population Information

There may be as many as 50 populations E. strzeleckii still existing throughout its range, although there are many single, isolated trees or very small groups still dotted across the landscape.  Census data from selected populations in 1998 produced a count of 3,322–4,517 individuals.  When other sites containing very small populations or single trees are included, the

total population is estimated to be 5,000–15,000 plants. In addition, groups such as Greening Australia and local LandCare groups are using E. strzeleckii. in revegetation programs. Significant populations of E. strzeleckii occur in the following locations:

Roadsides
	Bena North – Bass Valley Road (1145 individuals).
	Hawkey Rd (501–1000 individuals inc. >100 suckers or immature individuals).
	Koonwarra-Tarwin River Crossing (115 individuals, inc. 42 suckers or immature individuals).

Private Land
	Coal Creek hillside (200–300 individuals in 2002, O. Carter unpubl.).
	Horseshoe Gully (~50 individuals, H. Parsons pers. comm).  Some revegetation with Eucalyptus strzeleckii is planned in an area of this gully, to be carried out by Camp Hill Landcare Group.

Rail Reserv es
	Boolarra Rail Trail. This is probably the most weed-free, structurally intact patch of vegetation containing E. strzeleckii (John Davies, DPI, pers. comm), although the population size is not known.

Other populations occur in the following locations: Private Land
	Bena East – Sullivan’s Rd
	West Bena – Odger’s Block
	North Ranceby – McKinnon Block

	Riversides (council jurisdiction) Koonwarra – Tarwin River Crossing

Roadsides (council jurisdiction)
	Labertouche Rd Crossing – Tarago River
	Hawkey Rd
	Lardner North
	Trafalgar – Sunny Creek Rd
	Berry Creek – Fosters Rd

Roadsides and Private Land
	Bena North – Bass Valley Road
	Bena East / Korumburra – Whitelaws Rd
	Kardella South – Stephen’s Rd
	Port Franklin – Franklin River Bridge East
	Mirboo North to Berry Creek Rd – Boorool Rd intersection
	Mirboo North to Berry Creek Rd – Moirs Bridge
	Mirboo – Mirboo Bridge
	Cypress Grove – South Gippsland Highway
	Mirboo North – Berry Creek Rd “A”
	Wooreen South – Wilkur Creek Bridge – Leongatha to Yarragon Rd
	Wooreen South – Leongatha to Yarragon Rd – Bruce’s block

Railway Reserv es and Private
	Ruby – South Gippsland Highway

Roadside, Riverside and Private Property
	Yarragon – Moe River Rd

Private Property and Council Land
	Berry Creek – Curtis Block

These sites are considered significant populations because they either contain a high number of individuals in a spatial arrangement that is not severely linear, or where there may be some

recruitment, or whose condition and geographic position provide the best opportunities for restoration and conservation management.  Other important populations no doubt exist, and will be identified as part of implementation of this Recovery Plan. Other site locations within herbarium records, the FIS database, and John Davies & Alison Oates (NRE, unpublished
data), are all on unreserved land of undescribed tenure, however notes suggest most sites are on road, rail or riversides and/or on private land.

Habitat

Eucalyptus strzeleckii is a large forest tree component of Herb-rich Foothill Forest and Gippsland Plains Grassy Woodland Ecological Vegetation Classes (John Davies, DPI, pers. comm) of the Strzelecki Ranges, growing on deep, grey fertile loams in hilly, often wet sites, in areas where annual rainfall often exceeds 1000 mm (Rule 1992).  It also occurs on flatter terrain at the edges of the Strzelecki Ranges, where it is largely restricted to the banks of watercourses or on river flats where soils are seasonally waterlogged (Rule 1992; John Davies, DPI, pers. comm).  Recovery actions include survey and mapping of habitat that will lead to the identification of habitat critical to the survival of the species.

Threats

There is little historical data on the previous distribution and abundance of E. strzeleckii, but its pre-European distribution was probably similar the geographic range of extant sites today. However, its abundance would have been much greater, and populations continuous over much larger areas, than is exhibited today.  There is little doubt that the species has suffered a major decline in abundance, with initial declines attributed to widespread timber harvesting in the Strzelecki Ranges in the 1800s, then extensive clearing for agriculture and, to a lesser extent, urban development and infrastructure.  The Strzelecki Gum is now mostly restricted to very
small stands on farm paddocks and roadside verges, with a few stands on public land, and there are now no substantial stands remaining on either private or public land.  The lack of reservation of sites containing E. strzeleckii coupled with continued clearing and grazing on both private and public land poses a severe threat to long-term persistence.  In almost all populations there is no evidence of recruitment, and most stands comprise mature or senescing trees.
Many populations comprising 1 or 2 individuals or small groups within grazed paddocks on private land are likely to become extinct when those trees die, unless targeted management is implemented that relates to issues surrounding grazing, and aims to maximise recruitment opportunities. The vegetation community where E. strzeleckii occurs has also been severely depleted, with the understorey of most stands containing mostly introduced herbaceous species.  A few sites with a floristically intact understorey remain on public land, notably along the Boolarra Rail Trail.  Research into the impacts of agriculture on seedling recruitment, fecundity and seed germination biology and ecology is currently underway (C. Moxham, DSE, unpub. data).  Other conservation efforts include revegetation of targeted sites on the Tarwin River and Bass Rivers by local land owners.

Major threats are summarised as follows:

Grazing: Grazing, especially by domestic stock, is a major threat. Animals will congregate in stands of E. strzeleckii for shelter and water, damaging trees by rubbing (in excess cases leading to ringbarking), and reducing seedling recruitment by excessive trampling and grazing. Grazing by native and exotic herbivores may be a threat to seedling regeneration. Trampling may also lead to soil compaction and damage, leading to changes in the habitat.

Weed invasion: This is a major threat, especially on private land populations. Many weeds and pasture grasses dominate the ground layer in many populations of E. strzeleckii. Competition with weeds for light, water or nutrients may also prevent seedling recruitment. Weeds include Galium aparine, Hypochoeris radicata, Trifolium repens, Phalaris aquatica, Bromus sp., Cirsium vulgare and Sonchus oleraceus.

Lack of recruitment: Although with perhaps as many as 15,000 tress still remaining, these are virtually all mature or senescing trees, and recruitment of seedlings is extremely rare in most populations (John Davies, DPI, pers. comm).  There is perhaps only one population, occurring along the Boolarra Rail Trail that runs between Mirboo North and Boolarra, where recruitment is evident and the population has a range of sizes from small to very large trees.  However, it is

particularly difficult to determine (without excavations) whether new individuals are in fact suckers from pre-existing individuals (S. Cropper Botanicus pers. comm.).  Conditions for seed germination may only occur rarely (eg >40 years), such as during large flood events.

Tree removal: Individual or small groups of E. strzeleckii have been removed during road works or for firewood, and this is an ongoing threat, particularly in relation to roadside populations and isolated paddock trees.

Fire: Eucalyptus strzeleckii grows in habitats that are seasonally wet and probably quite susceptible to fire.  However, the physical effects of fire on E. strzeleckii survival and recruitment are unknown.

Changes to hydrology: The reliance of E. strzeleckii on damp sites, especially along small watercourses, makes it quite susceptible to any alteration of local hydrology, such as draining or impounding streams, or altering upstream water sources.

Increased nutrient levels: Increased nutrient levels from fertiliser application and animal manure may be a threat, especially through enhancing pasture and weed growth.  Runoff with elevated nutrient levels poses a potential threat to streamside populations.

Loss of genetic diversity: The isolation of stands from one another and subsequent lack of gene flow is a long-term threat.  Seed collection from only one tree and subsequent revegetation efforts may also compromise the genetic diversity of this species.

Climate change: This is a major potential threat, with its predicted impact on raising temperatures, reducing rainfall and increasing climatic variability, resulting in many sites where E. strzeleckii currently occurs subject to long-term drying out.  The loss of climatic habitat caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases is listed as a Key Threatening Process under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999.

Recovery Information

Directions for recovery of Eucalyptus strzeleckii include habitat conservation, restoration and management, combined with an understanding of the species’ ecological and biological requirements.  To achieve this, recovery actions are primarily structured to (i) acquire baseline data, (ii) assess habitat condition including ecological and biological function, (iii) protect populations to maintain or improve population growth and (iv) to engage the community in recovery actions.

Overall Objective

The overall objective of recovery is to minimise the probability of extinction of Eucalyptus strzeleckii in the wild and to increase the probability of important populations becoming self- sustaining in the long term.

Within the life span of this Recovery Plan, the specific objectives of recovery for Eucalyptus strzeleckii are to:

	Acquire accurate information for conservation status assessments.

	Identify habitat that is critical, common or potential.

	Ensure that all populations and their habitat are protected and managed appropriately.

	Manage threats to populations.

	Identify key biological functions.

	Determine the growth rates and viability of populations.

	Build community support for conservation.

Program Implementation

The Recovery Plan will run for five years from the time of implementation and will be managed by the Department of Sustainability and Environment.  A Threatened Flora Recovery Team, consisting of scientists, land managers and field naturalists will be established to oversee threatened flora recovery in Victoria in general.  Technical, scientific, habitat management or

education components of the Recovery Plan will be referred to specialist sub-committees on research, in situ management, community education and cultivation.  Regional Recovery Teams will be responsible for preparing work plans and monitoring progress toward recovery.

Program Evaluation

The Recovery Team will be responsible for annual assessments of progress towards recovery. This Recovery Plan will be reviewed within five years of the date of adoption.

Recovery Actions and Performance Criteria

Action 	Description 	Performance Criteria

Specific objective 1

Acquire accurate information for conservation status assessments

1.1 	Acquire baseline population data by conducting detailed field and desk top surveys including (a) identification of the area and extent of populations; (b) estimates of the number, size and structure of populations and (c) estimation of population change.

Responsibility:  DSE Specific objective 2
Identify habitat that is critical, common or potential

2.1 	Accurately survey known habitat and collect floristic and environmental information relevant to community ecology and condition.

Responsibility:  DSE

2.2 	Identify and survey potential habitat, using ecological, historical and anecdotal information that may indicate habitat preference.

Responsibility:  DSE Specific objective 3
Ensure that all populations and their habitat are legally protected

3.1 	Protect populations on public land

Responsibility:  DSE

3.2 	Protect populations on private land.

Responsibility:  DSE

	Accurate determination, confirmation or update of conservation status for inclusion on State and national threatened species lists.

	Distribution, extent and size of targeted populations mapped.

	Essential life history stages and recruitment and dispersal processes identified.

	Habitat critical to the survival of the species is mapped.

	Sites supporting potential habitat identified and surveyed.

	A public land protected area network established for threatened taxa within the Baw Baw Shire and South Gippsland Shires.

	‘Sites of Environmental Significance’ overlays incorporated into council planning schemes within Baw Baw Shire, Shire of South Gippsland and City of Latrobe.

	A Special Protection Zone established in Wonwron State Forest, if the previously recorded population is rediscovered there.

	Sites identified that may be suitable for establishment of a private land protected area network for threatened taxa.

Action 	Description 	Performance Criteria

Specific objective 4

Manage threats to populations

4.1 	Identify disturbance regimes to maintain habitat.

Responsibility:  DSE

4.2 	Control threats from pest plants and animals using targeted application of herbicide and/or hand removal of weeds, and livestock exclusion fencing.

Responsibility:  DSE

Specific objective 5

Identify key biological functions

5.1 	Evaluate current reproductive/regenerative status determining seed bank status and longevity, fecundity and recruitment.

Responsibility:  DSE

5.2 	Determine seed germination requirements by conducting field trials aimed to identify key stimuli, and determine stimuli for vegetative regeneration.

Responsibility:  DSE Specific objective 6
Determine the growth rates and viability of populations

6.1 	Measure population trends and responses against recovery actions by collecting demographic information including recruitment and mortality, timing of life history stages and morphological data.

Responsibility:  DSE

6.2 	Collate, analyse and report on census data and compare with management histories.

Responsibility:  DSE

	Preparation of management prescriptions using soil disturbance techniques to promote germination at Hawkey Rd, Koonwarra- Tarwin River Crossing, and Coal Creek Hillside and Bass River.

	Measurable seedling recruitment/vegetative regeneration at 10 sites Bena North – Bass Valley Road, Hawkey Rd, Koonwarra- Tarwin River Crossing, and Coal Creek Hillside.

	A measurable reduction in plant mortality 10 sites including Bena North – Bass Valley Road, Hawkey Rd, Koonwarra-Tarwin River Crossing, and Coal Creek Hillside and 6 others with significant populations sizes (ie. >50 individuals).

	Seed bank/regenerative potential quantified for 3 important populations.

	Stimuli for recruitment/regeneration identified in situ.

	Management strategies identified to maintain, enhance or restore processes fundamental to reproduction and survival.

	Techniques for monitoring developed and implemented.

	Growth rates determined and Population Viability Analysis completed for targeted populations.

Action 	Description 	Performance Criteria

Specific objective 7

Build community support for conservation

7.1 	Identify opportunities for community involvement in the conservation of the Strzeleckii
Gum.

Responsibility:  DSE

	Presentation(s) to community nature conservation groups.

	Inform private landholders of fencing incentives provided by DSE
and the threatened species network.

	Educate local shires, including contractors of roadside work.

Management Practices

Management practices that will aid recovery

On-ground site management will aim to mitigate threatening processes to prevent declines and create conditions for maintenance or increase of population size.  Major threats requiring management include accidental destruction, competition from pest plants, inappropriate fire regimes and grazing by pest animals.  A range of strategies will be necessary to alleviate these threats including weed control, fire management, fencing, and control of pest animals.  In addition, some ex situ conservation measures including seed storage and germination trails, will be required.  Addressing major knowledge gaps is also required, especially determining the mechanisms underlying recruitment and regeneration. Successful in situ population management will be founded on understanding the relationships between Eucalyptus strzeleckii and associated flora, and its response to environmental processes.  These are directly linked to biological function and are thus vital to recovery.  Demographic censusing will be necessary to gather life history information and to monitor the success of particular management actions. Surveys of known and potential habitat should continue to better define the distributions and
size of populations.  Providing information to land owners, managers and the broader
community in the region will increase awareness of the species, provide for increased protection of existing populations, an increased likelihood on new populations being found, and reducing the risk of inadvertent damage occurring.  Community participation in recovery actions will be sought, particularly in regard to recovery team membership and implementation of on-ground works.

Management practices that will avoid significant adverse impacts

Providing land owners and managers with information on the location, distribution, habitat and ecology of Eucalyptus strzeleckii will help to protect existing populations from inadvertent damage, and raising general awareness that may result in the location of any new populations. Populations occurring in potentially high-risk locations such as roadsides may need appropriate signposting.  Negotiation with landowners with populations or suitable habitat on their properties will be required for protection of populations.  Surveys in potential habitat likely to be impacted by any development proposals (including roadworks) will be required to avoid damage to or destruction of any currently unknown populations.  Identification and protection of current and potential habitat such as through planning scheme overlays and restrictions on clearance of native vegetation is a high priority.

Affected Interests

Many populations fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of Sustainability and Environment and councils including Baw Baw Shire, South Gippsland Shire, and Bass Coast Shire. These management agencies have been contacted and have approved the actions as outlined in this Recovery Plan. Sites not recently confirmed may also occur within the City of Latrobe and the Shire of Wellington. Actions associated with the recovery of Eucalyptus strzeleckii may also affect those private landholders who consent to fencing (or other restorative actions) within habitat areas on their property.  Those landholders will be consulted on an as needs basis, following community extension and education to be carried out mainly by DSE and Greening Australia Victoria (Action 9.2). The South Gippsland Tourist Railway Inc and Vic Track manage one population along the Nyora to Leongatha Tourist Railway Line, near the town of Ruby.
Both management authorities were consulted during the course of recovery plan preparation, however no specific actions have been proposed for that site.

Role and interests of indigenous people

Indigenous communities on whose traditional lands Eucalyptus strzeleckii occurs will be advised, through the relevant DSE Regional Indigenous Facilitator, of the preparation of this Recovery Plan and invited to provide comments if so desired.  Indigenous communities will be invited to be involved in the implementation of the Recovery Plan.

Benefits to other species/ecological communities

The recovery plan includes a number of potential biodiversity benefits for other species and vegetation communities in Victoria.  Principally, this will be through the protection and management of habitat.  The adoption of broad-scale management techniques and collection of baseline data will also benefit a number of other plant species growing in association with Eucalyptus strzeleckii, particularly those species with similar life forms and/or flowering responses including Eucalyptus ovata, Eucalyptus yarraensis and Eucalyptus globulus subsp. pseudoglobulus.

The recovery plan will also provide an important public education role as threatened flora have the potential to act as ‘flagship species’ for highlighting broader nature conservation and biodiversity issues such as land clearing, grazing, weed invasions and habitat degradation.

Eucalyptus strzeleckii is prone to losing limbs at a relatively young age (determined by girth and compared to other Eucalyptus species) and as a result, is also hollow bearing (John Davies, DPI, pers. comm).  Dropped limbs, and tree hollows can provide habitat for native fauna, including birds, mammals and insects.  Many populations of Eucalyptus strzeleckii occur as isolated individuals within grazed paddocks, and provide many benefits to native fauna as well as livestock (eg. shading).

Social and economic impacts

The implementation of this recovery plan is unlikely to cause significant adverse social and economic impacts. There is already strong community support for conservation of the Strzeleckii Gum, with Landcare groups and Greening Australia Victoria protecting remnant habitat and undertaking revegetation using E. strzeleckii.  Recovery actions for significant populations on roadside and rail reserves will proceed with the concurrence and in some cases assistance of the management authority.  Significant populations on private land will be protected through negotiation with and assistance to landowners.  Adjustments could also be made to existing programs to maximise the benefits for this species eg. where revegetation is occurring along main roads (eg. Princes Hwy at Trafalgar in the Baw Baw Shire), E. strzeleckii could be used instead of Eucalyptus viminalis on suitable sites during future plantings.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Claire Moxham, Fiona Coates, Susan Taylor and Gary
Backhouse (DSE), John Davies (DPI), Bronwyn Teesedale (Greening Australia), Simon Cropper (Botanicus Pty Ltd), Carolyn Ferguson (Baw Baw Shire), Harry Parsons (Camp Hill Landcare) Sid Deam (Baw Baw Shire), Chris Rankin (South Gippsland Shire), Anne Westwood (Trust for Nature), Derrick Hibbert (Bass Coast Shire), South Gippsland Tourist Railway and Gippsland
Vic Track for their contributions to this Recovery Plan.

Bibliography

DEH 2000. Revision of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia (IBRA) and the
Development of Version 5.1. - Summary Report.  Environment Australia, Canberra.

Rule, K. 1992.  Two new species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) in south-eastern Australia.  Muelleria
7(4): 497–505.

Priority, Feasibility and Estimated Costs of Recovery Actions

Action	Description	Priority	Feasibility	Responsibility	Cost estimate

Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5	Total

1	
Conservation status		

1.2	
Collect baseline data	
2	
100%	
DSE	
$15,000	
$0	
$0	
$0	
$0	
$15,000	

2	
Habitat requirements										

2.1	
Survey known habitat	
2	
100%	
DSE	
$15,000	
$0	
$0	
$0	
$0	
$15,000	
2.2	Identify, survey potential habitat	1	75%	DSE	$0	$5,000	$0	$0	$0	$5,000	

3	
Legal protection of habitat										

3.1	
Protect public land habitat	
1	
75%	
DSE	
$0	
$10,000	
$10,000	
$0	
$0	
$20,000	
3.2	Protect private land habitat	1	75%	DSE	$10,000	$30,000	$30,000	$0	$0	$70,000	

4	
Manage threats										

4.1	
Identify disturbance regimes	
2	
75%	
DSE	
$0	
$0	
$10,000	
$10,000	
$10,000	
$30,000	
4.2	Control threats	1	75%	DSE	$5,000	$15,000	$15,000	$10,000	$10,000	$55,000	

5	
Identify key biol. functions										

5.1	
Evaluate reproductive status	
2	
75%	
DSE	
$5,000	
$0	
$0	
$0	
$0	
$5,000	
5.2	Seed germination in situ	2	75%	DSE	$10,000	$10,000	$5,000	$0	$0	$25,000	

6	
Growth rates, pop. viability										

6.1	
Conduct censusing	
2	
100%	
DSE	
$15,000	
$15,000	
$15,000	
$15,000	
$15,000	
$75,000	
6.2	Collate, analyse and report	2	100%	DSE	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$2,000	$10,000	$18,000	

7	
Education, communication										

7.1	
Community extension	
1	
100%	
DSE	
$3,000	
$3,000	
$3,000	
$3,000	
$3,000	
$15,000	
	TOTAL				$81,000	$91,000	$91,000	$41,000	$49,000	$353,000	

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