A review of chemical storage and handling protocols in the Environmental Radioactivity laboratories of eriss

P Medley

Supervising Scientist Division
GPO Box 461, Darwin NT 0801

September 2009

Registry File SG2009/0130

(Release status – unrestricted)

How to cite this report:
Medley P 2009. A review of chemical storage and handling protocols in the Environmental Radioactivity laboratories of eriss. Internal Report 548, September, Supervising Scientist, Darwin. Unpublished Paper
Location of final PDF file in SSD Explorer
\Publications Work\Publications and other productions\Internal Reports (IRs)\Nos 500 to 599\IR548_review chemical storage and handling protocols in EnRad lab (Medley)\IR548_review chemical storage and handling protocols (Medley).pdf
Location of all key data files for this report in SSD Explorer:
Corporate Management\Property Management (including Environmental Management
System)\Environmental Management Systems (EMS)\SSD Environmental Management
System development 2005 onwards including sustainability reporting\Data
Collection\EMS- Chemical waste for drains etimates.xls
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Audits & Reviews\Peroxide Testing.xls
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Audits & Reviews\Phosgene Testing In Chloroform.xls
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical
Inventory\CAMEO-NOAA reactivity templates
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical Inventory\EnRad Chemical Incompatibility.xls
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical
Inventory\EnRad Chemical Inventory.xls
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical
Inventory\EnRad Chemical Inventory.xls’ in worksheet ‘EnRad - Radiochemistry - Jul 09’
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical Inventory\Inventory - Chemicals to be disposed Jan 2009.xls
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical Inventory\Legacy Standards & Chemicals list.xls
OH & S\Safety Manuals\Radiation_Safety\Radiation_Source_Control_Plan\Versions\
RadSourceControlPlan_v10.doc
Author of this report:
Peter Medley – Environmental Research Institute of the Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin NT 0801, Australia
The Supervising Scientist is part of the Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.
© Commonwealth of  Australia 2009
Supervising Scientist
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
GPO Box 461, Darwin NT 0801 Australia
This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Supervising Scientist. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Publications Inquiries, Supervising Scientist, GPO Box 461, Darwin NT 0801. 
e-mail: publications_ssd@environment.gov.au
Internet: www.environment.gov.au/ssd   (www.environment.gov.au/ssd/publications)
The views and opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth of Australia. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this report are factually correct, some essential data rely on the references cited and the Supervising Scientist and the Commonwealth of Australia do not accept responsibility for the accuracy, currency or completeness of the contents of this report, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the report. Readers should exercise their own skill and judgment with respect to their use of the material contained in this report.
Printed and bound in Darwin NT by Supervising Scientist Division

Contents
Executive summary	iv
1  Introduction	1
2  MSDS review	2
2.1  Recommendations from review of chemical holdings	3
3  General chemical storage and handling considerations	5
3.1  Time-sensitive chemicals	5
3.1.1  Storage and handling of organic waste from U and Th separation	5
3.1.2  Phosgene formation from Chloroform	7
3.1.3  Other time-sensitive chemicals	9
3.2  Disposal of old acidified water samples	9
3.3  Reactivity checks	11
3.4  Other recommendations	12
References	13
Appendices	14
Appendix 1  Specific information for selected chemicals	14
Appendix 2  EnRad chemical inventory	17
Appendix 3  Disposal of chemicals from the EnRad laboratories	21
Appendix 4  Testing of currently held time-sensitive chemicals	24
Appendix 5  Chemical incompatibility assessment for EnRad holdings	26

Executive summary
A review of chemical storage and handling protocols in the Environmental Radioactivity section (EnRad) of eriss was undertaken after two incidents involving EnRad staff. Investigations from these incidents also made recommendations regarding the updating of procedures within the section. A review of the management of all chemicals held by EnRad, including an assessment of potential improvements in chemical safety and laboratory management, was conducted. The major themes of the chemical management review were a review of all MSDS (material safety data sheet) information and protocols for the purchasing, storage, handling and disposal of chemicals and chemical waste. Particular emphasis was placed on addressing any current issues of significance identified and on providing recommendations for implementing a Chemical Management Framework for all chemicals handled by EnRad staff. Implementation of these recommendations will ensure all procedures in place in the EnRad radiochemical laboratory have undergone a rigorous safety assessment. Following this report recommendations will guide and complement the development of a comprehensive procedures manual for the EnRad laboratories.

1  Introduction
This report was inititated after a serious incident (referred to as the L19 incident) resulted in injury (requiring hospitalisation) to a staff member who was working in the radiochemistry laboratory. The incident involved the handling of time-sensitive organic waste, the disposal procedures for which were not accounted for adequately within the OH&S framework within eriss at the time.
As a result of this incident, a review of the management of all chemicals held by the Environmental Radioactivity section (EnRad), including an assessment of potential improvements in chemical safety and laboratory management, was conducted. Particular emphasis was placed on addressing any current issues of significance identified and on providing recommendations for implementing a Chemical Management Framework for all chemicals handled by EnRad staff. 
Internal and Comcare investigations identified that a number of MSDS for chemicals in the EnRad laboratory were out of date. Further, up to date information on several chemicals indicated there were at least two time-sensitive chemicals (Chloroform and Isopropanol) that had not previously been identified (Bailey et al 2004). There were also a number of issues identified with procedures for the storage and disposal of organic wastes.
The major themes of the chemical management review are:
•	A review of all MSDS information held by EnRad
•	Storage and handling of chemicals held – especially with respect to time-sensitive chemicals and waste
•	Disposal of chemicals (including acidified samples)
•	Purchasing chemicals
These four major themes were identified from two primary sources. Firstly, recommendations from the investigation report for the L19 incident described above. Secondly, recommendations arising from another incident involving the spillage of an acidified sample on a staff member due to the structural failure of an aged and degraded plastic container. In addition this report also contains some further improvements that are currently being implemented following recommendations from EnRad staff.
Investigations from the L19 incident also made recommendations regarding the updating of procedures with the aim to guide and complement the development of a comprehensive procedures manual for the EnRad laboratories. Implementation of these recommendations will ensure all procedures in place in the EnRad radiochemical laboratory have undergone a rigorous safety assessment. The updated procedures manual will be published in a separate report. The EnRad radiochemistry laboratory manager bears responsibility for the implementation and completion of recommendations highlighted in this report.

2  MSDS review
Currently MSDS information for chemicals held by EnRad is located in several places:
•	A red binding folder named ‘MSDS for commonly used and hazardous chemicals’ located in the top left cupboard upon entering room L.19. Contains MSDS for commonly used and hazardous chemicals in the Radiochemistry laboratories (L.19 – L.25)
•	A complete set of MSDS in the bottom cupboard on the left of the weighing bench in L.19
•	A complete set of MSDS held in the central foyer area of the eriss wing
•	A complete set of MSDS held by the gate entrance to the back car park of SSD.
A review conducted immediately following the L19 incident showed that the majority of MSDS for all chemicals were significantly out of date, with some dating back to 1985. In addition, several of the MSDS were incorrect as they did not correspond exactly to the form of the chemical that eriss held.
Follwing the L19 Incident, the Director of eriss requested that all laboratory area managers conduct an immediate review of MSDS holdings to ensure they were up to date. A key recommendation in the L19 Incident Investigation Report was that MSDS holdings should be reviewed every two years and updated.
The updating of all EnRad MSDS was undertaken in three phases. 
1)	All out of date MSDS were replaced by MSDS accessed from the ChemWatch database tool provided by the Department. 
2)	All chemicals currently held in the Radiochemistry laboratory were listed and checked to ensure an appropriate MSDS was held. The Enrad chemical inventory is located on SSD-Explorer (SSDX) at:
ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical Inventory\EnRad Chemical Inventory.xls
3)	All chemical suppliers were instructed to provide the latest available MSDS for each chemical ordered to ensure that variations between manufacturers’ products could be taken into account.
Phase 3 is ongoing and will continue until updated MSDS have been received for all chemicals held. 
The manager of the radiochemistry laboratory evaluated all new MSDS to ensure EnRad complied with all necessary requirements. Additional information relating to specific chemicals that was considered of benefit to staff and that can provide assistance when implementing new procedures or modifying existing ones is given in Appendix 1 of this report. Appendix 2 includes a list of the current chemicals held by EnRad, with details regarding some of the more relevant hazards posed to staff. This material can also be found on SSDX at: 
\ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical Inventory\EnRad Chemical Inventory.xls’ in worksheet ‘EnRad - Radiochemistry - Jul 09’.
In addition to the chemicals currently in use, there were a number of chemicals stored in the radiochemistry laboratory that are no longer required. These are made up of several groups which are detailed below:
•	Old standards or Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 
•	Legacy chemicals, including:
–	Old chemicals that have been stored in the EnRad laboratory areas in their original containers
–	Chemical solutions prepared for use in Radium separation based on an SSR180 (Martin & Hancock 2004) method that is no longer functional
Old standards or Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)
A list of these was provided to Charles Darwin University (CDU) for scrutiny, and several of these reference materials were subsequently donated to CDU.
Legacy chemicals 
Old chemicals stored in original containers
There were a number of chemicals currently held for which there is no current need. These were either disposed of or formally donated to CDU or to another group within eriss. A list of these materials and disposal details is in Appendix 3.
Chemicals solutions used for Radium separation
There were a number of chemical solutions used for separation of radium isotopes according to an in-house procedure detailed in SSR180 (Martin & Hancock 2004). Due to a change in the properties of a cation exchange resin (Dowex 50x12) used in the procedure, it was no longer suitable for radium separation. At the time a new and faster technique for radium analysis (226Ra only) was being implemented and this has since been adapted to allow for determination of the other radium isotope of main interest to eriss (Medley 2009). As such, the method described in SSR180 has not been used since 2001.
2.1  Recommendations from review of chemical holdings
It is recommended that all chemicals in the radiochemistry laboratories that are no longer required are disposed of as soon as possible by an approved contractor. There are also a number of chemicals that are used infrequently or in small quantities. These were detailed, and several that have been held for extensive periods of time were recommended for disposal (Appendix 3). These chemicals should also be managed within the time-management framework for chemicals that is currently being developed.

It is recommended that a list be prepared detailing important information regarding all chemicals held by EnRad. This list needs to be accessible (read-only) to all staff. The Radiochemistry Laboratory Manager should be responsible for managing this list and associated data.
Details that are mandatory on this list are detailed below:
•	Chemical name
•	Hazard Alert Code
•	Dangerous Goods (DG) Class
•	CAS No. – A unique chemical identification number for each chemical
•	UN No. – A unique United Nations identification number for each chemical/group
•	Location to be stored – Include room and safety cabinet/cupboard (ie – corrosives, poisons etc). (This will ensure any storage requirements and incompatibilities are assessed before purchasing new chemicals.)
•	Origin of MSDS – Ideally a Chemwatch and Manufacturer’s MSDS should be held
•	Expiry date of MSDS
•	Storage time limits – this is critical for developing a time-management framework for time-sensitive chemicals

3  General chemical storage and handling considerations
The review of the status of the chemical storage and management system for EnRad was contingent on completion of the MSDS review, including the provision of up-to-date MSDS and chemical inventory information. This part of the review process focussed on storage and handling procedures for currently held chemicals. A review of chemical storage considerations including an assessment of any potential reactivity concerns and storage incompatibilities was undertaken. Of particular importance was the assessment of potentially time-sensitive chemicals (see Appendix 4 for testing details) with the intent of creating a register of time sensitive chemicals to manage the additional risks associated with the longer term storage of these chemicals.
Cases where the inappropriate storage of a chemical or mixture of chemical have been identified are detailed individually in this review. This includes the storage and handling of organic waste as distinct from issues associated with pure unused chemicals. Particular reference is made to the potential consequences of inappropriate management of time-sensitive chemicals or unstable chemical mixtures, especially those chemicals involved with the L19 incident.
To assess the suitability of the current storage arrangements regarding the proximity of chemicals to each other, reactivity checks were undertaken using the ChemWatch database and a reactivity database jointly run by Cameo Chemicals and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) branch of the US Department of Commerce (http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/, accessed 29 January 2009). The results from these reactivity checks are shown in Appendix 5. Electronic spreadsheets have been set up to maintain ongoing details for chemical reactivity and to enable easy updates of  information when new chemicals are acquired. These spreadsheets are located on SSDX:
\ENRAD Administration\Darwin_Laboratory\Laboratory Management\EnRad Chemical Inventory\CAMEO-NOAA reactivity templates
Recommendations for improvement in chemical storage procedures arising from the reactivity evaluation process described above are given at the end of this section.
3.1  Time-sensitive chemicals
3.1.1  Storage and handling of organic waste from U and Th separation 
Organic waste is generated during the process of separation of U and Th isotopes from sample matrices, (Martin & Hancock 2004). This waste consists of 20 mL Xylenes and 5 mL Tri-butyl Phosphate (TBP) per sample. Additionally nitric and hydrochloric acids and water, and traces of metals are likely components of this waste.
The problem with the use of low volatile xylene as the extractant is that it resulted in the build up of vapour (with attendent OH&S risks) in the detergent baths used to clean the funnels between uses. In 2002 a solution was found to this issue. Rinsing the funnels with isopropanol prior to their removal from the fume cupboard was found to effectively strip the xylene from the glass prior to the washing process. 
Isopropanol (~10–25 mL  per sample) has subsequently been used for rinsing the separating funnels prior to normal washing of the equipment. Typically the isopropanol wash residues have been combined with the extraction wastes described above.
The mixed organic waste was stored in 2.5 L amber glass Winchesters, which had been accumulating in a fume hood in laboratory L.19 in the Enrad Radiochemistry laboratory since the facility was moved to Darwin from Jabiru in August 2002. Some of the waste may have been carried through to Darwin from the Jabiru site, and was thus many years old. A total of 11 x 2.5 L bottles containing 27.5 L in L.19 and L.21, and 1 x 1 L bottle in L.25 containing 150 mL of this type of organic waste was being stored at the time of the L19 incident. At this time there was no documented procedure for the disposal of this type of waste and no formal risk assessment had been made regarding the storage of this waste at the Darwin site. 
The fume cupboard in laboratory L19 was primarily used for storing organic reagents in regular usage, and was also occasionally used for sample concentration through precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides as described by Martin and Hancock (2004).
As part of the investigation process following the explosion that occurred in the L19 incident, detailed investigations were conducted into the hazard posed by this waste. 
Two possible modes of production of explosive materials by components of this waste were identified:
•	Organic peroxides are produced in isopropanol if stored for long periods or if not stored correctly (eg when contaminated; Bailey et al 2004b).
•	Nitric acid can catalyse the hydrolysis of TBP, which can lead to the production of potentially explosive butyl nitrate, or other nitrated organics at higher temperature (Robinson et al 2003).
Details of each of these modes are provided below
3.1.1.1  Peroxidation of Isopropanol
Isopropanol is a time-sensitive chemical, that may form explosive peroxides following prolonged contact with air or sunlight, or if stored for lengthy periods of time (Chemwatch 2008a). The MSDS on file in the laboratory at the time of the L19 incident in mid-2008 was dated 1985 and made no mention of the risk of peroxide formation.
As part of the incident investigation to determine the possible cause of the explosion it was recommended that the winchesters containing the waste should be tested for peroxides. Test strips were purchased (QUANTOFIX® Peroxide 25 and Peroxide 100) for this purpose. However such strips were not suited to testing the organic waste because:
•	Test strips are difficult to use with water-immiscible, low volatility chemicals – such as Xylenes and TBP –  as the strips need to be dried to give a result
•	There is the potential of explosive material crystallising around the rim of the lid due to long term storage and shaking prior to the attempt to digest the waste. This applies to any test method requiring a sub-sample.
•	Potential of alternative unstable or explosive material in the waste other than peroxides
•	Potential for precipitation of peroxides out of solution, or formation of polyperoxides which may lead to readings much lower than what is actually there (Bailey et al 2004a, 2004b). This may lead to the incorrect disposal method being used.
It is recommended that separate waste bottles are used for the Xylenes/TBP waste and the isopropanol washings. The Xylenes/TBP waste shall be disposed of annually, and the isopropanol washings shall be disposed of more regularly: within 12 months of opening the oldest isopropanol source used for washing.

All squirt bottles and open Winchesters of Isopropanol were tested with the Quantofix® peroxide 25 tests strips. The results of this are detailed in Appendix 4. Of note is the low but significant concentration of peroxides (~2 ppm) found in one of the squirt bottles. 
It is recommended that squirt bottles of Isopropanol are dated when filled. Excess Isopropanol should disposed into an appropriately labelled storage winchester after 2 months and the squirt bottles cleaned with Decon 90 prior to re-use.

3.1.1.2  Hydrolysis of TBP by Nitric acid
The hydrolysis of TBP by nitric acid is well documented in industrial use of TBP for solvent extraction of uranium and other actinides. This is usually related to the production of Red Oil.
Red oil is as a substance of varying composition containing potentially explosive nitrated organics (Robinson et al 2003). Red oil forms when organic solutions come into contact with concentrated nitric acid at temperatures above 120°C. Although Red oil is relatively stable below 130°C, it can decompose explosively when heated above above 130°C (Robinson et al 2003).
Specific mention was made in the internal investigation report for the L19 incident of the possibility of concentrated nitric acid having being inadvertently added to the digest beaker that exploded. Additionally, photographic evidence indicated the likelihood that the temperature at which the digest was being performed was significantly in excess of 130°C. Although the possibility of Red Oil formation is considered an unlikely cause of the explosion, the mechanism through which TBP is hydrolysed by nitric acid may have led to the formation of explosive material. Given the length of time the waste was stored, these hydrolytic reactions may have been taking place for some time. The formation of butyl nitrate may have increased quantities of explosive material in the waste. Build-up of Butanol and Phosphoric acid in the organic waste may increase the risk of hazardous decomposition products being formed under long term storage.
Considering the unknown characteristics of the mixed waste an experienced external contractor was engaged to provide a quote to remove the waste from site without additional handling by eriss staff. This task was ultimately undertaken by Dangerous Goods Management (DGM), who have removed the waste from the eriss site (to a facility in Darwin). DGM will provide eriss with a certificate of destruction when the material is finally destroyed. Destruction may take up to 18 months due to a low overall volume of this type of waste handled by DGM, and the need to accumulate a sufficiently large volume for economic destruction.
3.1.2  Phosgene formation from Chloroform
Chloroform is used in the EnRad laboratories for 210Po and 210Pb separation.
Although it is not normally mentioned in current MSDS’, chloroform has the potential to form the toxic gas Phosgene which is both stable and soluble in chlororform (Bailey et al 2004b). Additionally, pure chloroform will readily decompose to form free radical degradation products which can lead to the formation of hydrochloric acid (Honeywell International 2008). Therefore prolonged storage of chloroform can lead to a reduction in pH and/or a build-up of phosgene gas in the headspace of the container and the reagent. 
Chloroform is generally supplied in 3 forms (Turk 1998):
•	Unstabilised (ie pure)
•	Stabilised with Amylene
•	Stabilised with Ethanol
Bailey et al (2004b) indicate that unstablised chloroform will undergo auto-oxidation to produce phosgene at room temperature in the presence of sunlight, humidity or a metal catalyst. Bailey et al (2004b) also suggest that metals only need to be in trace amounts to catalyse this reaction. This raises the possibility of phosgene formation in unopened bottles of chloroform due to the presence of trace metals and after long-term storage.
Chloroform stabilised with amylene has been shown to be unstable on prolonged storage, even in cool conditions and the absence of air and light (Turk 1998). Ethanol stabilised chloroform is considered to be reasonably well protected from phosgene formation (Honeywell International 2008; ARS 2008), possibly due to ethanol both inhibiting the formation of phosgene and reacting with phosgene to form diethyl carbonate, which is relatively harmless. 
Chloroform vapours are dangerous to human health (Chemwatch 2008a) and precautions have been taken to minimise risks posed by these to staff of EnRad. This includes instruction not to open or handle chloroform outside of a fume hood. These precautionary measures are considered sufficient to prevent any significant additional risk being posed to laboratory staff handling chloroform. 
Chloroform used at eriss is stablised with 0.6 – 1.0% ethanol and is therefore considered to pose a low risk of having significant levels of phosgene formed. Due to an administrative error in 2004 however, approximately 30 L of ethanol stabilised chloroform was purchased at one time. This excess chloroform has been stored in the flammables store L.36 since delivered. The recommended storage temperature (MSDS, Chemwatch 2008a) is less than 30°C. However, measurement of ambient temperature in the flammables store over a period of two days in October 2008 indicated temperatures in excess of this. This temperature may have reached several degrees higher during hotter days of the year. Although the flammables store should have been ventilated, investigations revealed that the ventilation unit was not functioning and was not being regularly serviced after a change in service contractor for the unit. It was repaired in early 2009 and has now been placed on the service schedule overseen by the facilities manager. At the eriss site there is an additional flammables store (L.35) that is airconditioned, and this should be considered utilisation in future for storage of EnRad flammable stocks.
Based on this information it was considered prudent to test for phosgene formation in older bottles of chloroform. A preliminary pH test was conducted on the only opened bottle of chloroform from L.19 to use as an indicator of potential degradation of the chemical. Even though results from this test indicated no degradation of the chloroform (pH of 7; see Appendix 4 for further details) it was considered prudent to conduct specific testing for phosgene. Phosgene testing was conducted on the opened bottle of chloroform, and one bottle that had not yet been opened. A suitable test method is given by the US Department of Agriculture (ARS 2008) involving the preparation of test strips with 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde and diphenylamine. The test results were negative (see results in Appendix 4).
Despite not finding phosgene in measurable concentrations in this instance, it is recommended that chloroform be integrated into the time-sensitive chemicals management framework as detailed below.
Chloroform has an additional risk in that it may react violently with acetone in the presence of an alkali (Chemwatch 2008a). For this reason the ChemWatch MSDS recommends segregation of these two chemicals. This has also been considered in recommendations for improvements in the storage of both of these organic chemicals.
It is recommended that once current stocks of chloroform have been depleted, sufficient stock should be purchased at any one time to last only an estimated 6 months. Chloroform stock is to be dated upon arrival and when opening each container. In no case should storage of chloroform be for no longer than 18 months after receipt or 12 months after opening, whichever is earliest. Chloroform should be stored in a flammables cabinet inside the laboratory to ensure storage below 30°C.

It is recommended that the L.35 flammables store Manager should be consulted and a risk assessment be undertaken for the transfer of the two EnRad flammables cabinets from the L.36 store to the L.35 store.

It is recommended that acetone be stored separately to other flammable liquids. Co-ordination between users of acetone should be sought to find a common storage cabinet. If this is not possible, flammable cabinets should be sought to store acetone separately to other flammable liquids held at eriss.

3.1.3  Other time-sensitive chemicals
There is one additional time-sensitive chemical (Ultima Gold AB) used by EnRad that has not yet been incorporated into the time sensitive chemicals-management framework. This chemical is used for preparation of samples for liquid scintillation counting, and comprises an organic solvent mixture containing a dissolved scintillant. The manufacturers information indicates that the reagent will degrade through time and hence its perfomance as a reagent will deteriorate. However, this degradation is indicated not to result in the production of unstable byproducts (Chemwatch 2008b). 
Current suppliers of this chemical provide expiry date details for each reagent bottle supplied, and these details should be used to incorporate this chemical into an effective time sensitive chemical management framework.
3.2  Disposal of old acidified water samples 
Many acidified water samples are held in the EnRad Radiochemcistry laboratory, some of them of considerable age. According to an agreement reached with PowerWater, disposal of chemicals to the sink is acceptable, provided concentrations and volumes do not exceed a specified limit. The agreement with PowerWater should be consulted when any chemicals are to be disposed of and is located on SSDX at the location given below.
\Corporate Management\Property Management (including Environmental Management System)\Environmental Management Systems (EMS)\SSD Environmental Management System  development 2005 onwards including sustainability reporting\Data Collection\EMS- Chemical waste for drains etimates.xls
The following volume limits for disposal of acidified water are recommended based on this agreement:
•	20 L of 2% Nitric acid disposed to sink in any 24 hour period
•	30 L of 0.5% Hydrochloric acid to sink in any 24 hour period
This represents a limit for total disposal of acidified water from the eriss site. To ensure this daily limit is not exceeded consultation with other laboratory managers must be sought before disposing of acidified water (including wash baths) in volumes larger than 5L.
When disposing of samples, other constituents of the sample must also be taken into consideration. Examples of additional constituents of relevance include metal and radionuclide concentrations. It is the responsibility of those directing sample disposal to ensure that waste is disposed of appropriately. The eriss radiation source control plan and agreement with PowerWater (indicated above) on SSDX can be used to identify acceptable limits of radionuclides for disposal to the sewer:
\OH & S\Safety Manuals\Radiation_Safety\Radiation_Source_Control_Plan\Versions\ RadSourceControlPlan_v10.doc 
For limits on the disposal of metals in solution and other potential constituents of samples the PowerWater Trade Waste code (Power And Water Corporation 2004) should be consulted. If there is any uncertainty regarding limits for disposal or pre-treatment requirements the PowerWater Trade Waste Manager should be consulted for advice and clarification.
The EnRad Radiochemist is currently in the process of identifying and scheduling disposal of all water samples for which all required analyses have been performed. However, there are currently no default holding periods specified for non-commercial samples beyond which disposal is automatically scheduled. This can impede the scheduling of such disposal. As a starting point a sample should not be disposed of until all required analyses are completed, or the period in storage exceeds the maximum recommended holding time for reliable analysis. It is recommended that the default period should be one year in the absence of advice to the contrary on a given sample bottle. It must also be noted in this report that there is no clear or consistent procedure across eriss for ensuring samples are disposed of within appropriate timeframes. A broader eriss review of these procedures should be undertaken to ensure therse procedures are improved.
Prior to beginning sample disposal, the marble chip containing neutralisation sump outside the EnRad laboratory was tested and showed A pH of around 6–8 for water flowing out of the sump. This indicates that the sump has neustralised previous flushes of acid and that there is still at least some residual neutralising capacity present. 
Also of importance in this process is the fact that the agreement with PowerWater has not been updated since the eriss laboratories were occupied in 2002. As such it is possible that there have been changes to the type and quantity of material that is being disposed of to the sewer by activities on the eriss site. It is also possible that the PAWA acceptance conditons for waste to sewer have changed. Additionally, it is not clear in the agreement whether laboratories other than those in EnRad can dispose of significant quantities of acid to their drains – ie without passing through a neutralisation sump.
It is recommended that pH testing of the sump outflow water continues on a regular basis (no more than 24 hours before and after any disposal events) until daily sample disposals to the maximum allowable limit are no longer required. Additional testing should be mandated on a 6 monthly basis to ensure the marble chip s are not depleted.

It is recommended that a holding period is specified for every sample that is received in future within the EnRad Laboratory. It is recommended that a default holding time of 6 months after final results have been reported be implemented immediately for all new samples, and currently held samples.

It is recommended that an audit of current practices for disposing of laboratory waste to the sewers is conducted for the eriss site. This should include all chemical types and quantities that are intended to be disposed of to the sewer. The information gathered in this audit should be used to update the ‘Chemical waste for drains estimates’ spreadsheet and assessed by a competent person to determine if changes need to be made to eriss’s agreement with PowerWater. Note that this may change the testing recommendation for the sump indicated above.

It is recommended that an audit of current practices for disposing of laboratory waste to the sewers is conducted for the eriss site. This should include all chemical types and quantities A review should be conducted to ensure that the disposal of chemicals to sewer by eriss is consistent with current best practice environmental management requirements.
3.3  Reactivity checks
An assessment of the potential for cross reactivity between chemicals (divided into solids liquids, flammables etc) is provided in the tables contained in Appendix 5. These tables identify the number of storage groups of compatible chemicals that are required. A storage group is defined as a group of chemicals of similar type (ie – solid, liquid, flammable etc) that can be stored together without risk of hazardous cross reaction. As a result of this assessment some modifications to current practice of chemical storage need to be implemented, as detailed below.

It is recommended that a small flammables cabinet is purchased specifically for the purpose of storing Acetic Acid, Acetone and Nitromethane.

It is recommended that a small corrosives cabinet is purchased for the storage of solid sodium hydroxide pellets.

3.4  Other recommendations
It is recommended that MSDS data sheets are obtained for all radioactive sources for which there is no current MSDS data sheet.

It is recommended that the solutions containing tritium stored in the Source Store fridge be transferred to glass containers with Teflon lined lids to ensure an adequate seal. This will prevent evaporation of tritiated water to ambient air through plastic container walls.

References
ARS 2008. Chloroform Phosgene SOP. 2008. Agricultural Research Service Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. University Park, Pennsylvania. Accessed on 29 September 2008, <http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=3594&page=6>.
Bailey J, Blair D, Boada-Clista L, Marsick D, Quigley D, Simmons F & Whyte H 2004a. Management of time sensitive chemicals (I): Misconceptions leading to incidents. Chemical Health & Safety 11 (5), 14–17.
Bailey J, Blair D, Boada-Clista L, Marsick D, Quigley D, Simmons F & Whyte H 2004b. Management of time sensitive chemicals (II): Their identification, chemistry and management. Chemical Health & Safety 11 (5), 14–17.
Chemwatch 2008a. Material Safety Data Sheet: Chloroform. Chemwatch No. 1888. October 2008.
Chemwatch 2008b, Material Safety Data Sheet: Ultima Gold AB. Chemwatch No. 4955-35. October 2008.
Honeywell International 2008. Solvent stabilisation. 2008. Honeywell International, Morristown.. Accessed on 29 September 2008, http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/rlss/bandj/products-applications/solvents/solvents_stabilization.html?c=21.
Martin P & Hancock GJ 2004. Routine analysis of naturally occurring radionuclides in environmental samples by alpha-particle spectrometry. Supervising Scientist Report 180, Supervising Scientist, Darwin NT.
Power and Water Corporation 2004.  Power And Water Corporation, Darwin Northern Territory. Accessed on 10 August 2009 at <http://www.powerwater.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/7072/trade_waste_code_oct_2004.pdf>
Robinson R, Gutowski D & Yeniscavich W 2003. Control of red oil explosions in defense nuclear facilities. Technical Report DNFSB/TECH-33, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, Washington D.C. Washington.
Turk E 1998. Phosgene from chloroform. Chemical & engineering news 76 (9), 6.

Appendices
Appendix 1  Specific information for selected chemicals
Additional information about some specific chemicals is detailed here, and some recommendations for modification of current procedures relating to the storage and handling of these chemicals are given. Data has been taken from MSDS sheets, the Cameo and NOAA chemical reactivity database and Chemwatch. All information was up to date as of February 2009.
Acetic acid (glacial)
MSDS information indicates a possible incompatibility with xylene, in particular p-xylene, and acetone.
Acetone
Indications are acetone and chloroform may react violently in the presence of alkalis or in contact with an alkaline surface.
Ammonia
Mixtures of ammonia and air lying within the explosive limits can occur above aqueous solutions of varying strengths. Several incidents involving sudden ‘boiling’ (occasionally violent) of a concentrated solution (d, 0.880, 35 wt %.) have occurred when screw-capped winchesters are opened. These are attributable to supersaturation of the solution with gas caused by increases in temperature subsequent to preparation and bottling. The effect is particularly marked with winchesters filled in winter and opened in summer. 
Ammonium persulfate
Avoid any contamination of this material as it is very reactive and any contamination is potentially hazardous. Stable when dry. In the presence of moisture, it decomposes slowly evolving oxygen and some ozone – keep in a dessicator.
DDTC
Refigerated storage is recommended, though not currently in practice. It was noted on the previous MSDS that refrigeration is recommended, however, an unsigned handwritten note indicates that this was considered unnecessary as the compound is stable under conditions of normal temperature and pressure. 
Decon 90
Phosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation of phosphates by oxidising agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.
It is recommended that refrigerated storage be undertaken in future due to potentially significant temperature variations during blackouts which are quite common during the wet season.
Hydrochloric acid
Forms toxic gases with dithiocarbamates and nitriles. The MSDS glove index for Hydrochloric acid indicates nitrile gloves are suitable, however.
Hydrogen peroxide
Contact with combustibles such as wood, paper, oil or finely divided metal may produce spontaneous combustion or violent decomposition. May emit irritating, poisonous or corrosive fumes. Avoid any contamination of this material as it is very reactive and any contamination is potentially hazardous
Ferric chloride
Avoid or control reaction with peroxides. All transition metal peroxides should be considered as potentially explosive. For example transition metal complexes of alkyl hydroperoxides may decompose explosively. Hydrolyses to HCl, and decomposes to HCl – should dilute only in a fume cupboard
Gallay Clean N Powder
Phosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation of phosphates by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.
Mercurisorb (silver nitrate)
Silver or silver salts readily form explosive silver fulminate in the presence of both nitric acid and ethanol. The resulting fulminate is much more sensitive and a more powerful detonator than mercuric fulminate. Silver and its compounds and salts may also form explosive compounds in the presence of acetylene and nitromethane. Avoid any contamination of this material as it is very reactive and any contamination is potentially hazardous. Avoid or control reaction with peroxides. All transition metal peroxides should be considered as potentially explosive.
Millipore chlorine tablets
Material contains oxidising agent/organic peroxide. Oxygen provided makes fire fierce and self sustaining. Smothering action may not be effective for established fire. Intense heat may cause spontaneous decomposition (detonation). Due to possibility of reignition, extinguished residues must be thoroughly cooled before approaching. Avoid any contamination of this material as it is very reactive and any contamination is potentially hazardous. Cecomposes to chlorine gas. This material is used regularly in the maintenance of the pure water system. This material is not currently stored in a fume cupboard or safety cabinet as this is not a specific requirement and there are no other chemicals of this type requiring storage.
It is recommended that an additional outer container is provided to minimise any chances of spillage or contamination of the Millipore Chlorine tablets.
Nitromethane
Forms shock-sensitive mixture with amines, compounds formed with alkalis are explosive when dry. Do not trap between closed valves or use positive-displacement pumps to discharge nitromethane. Mixtures containing nitromethane and both amines and heavy metal oxides may explode spontaneously. This is used solely for the preparation of quench standards for the Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC). 
It is recommended that standards prepared with Nitromethane are not held for long-term storage, also due to the low usage it is recommended that this chemical is integrated into a time-management framework.
Perchloric acid
Heating may cause expansion or decomposition leading to violent rupture of containers. Heat affected containers remain hazardous. Avoid any contamination of this material as it is very reactive and any contamination is potentially hazardous. Forms incompatible sometimes explosive mixtures with powdered carbon, aqua regia and nitric acid. With concentrated sulfuric acid a violent explosion can occur unless effective cooling is used. NOTE: May develop pressure in containers; open carefully. Vent periodically. Many of the reported explosions involving perchlorate may result its ability to form unstable perchlorate esters or salts of the anhydrous acid – DO NOT allow to dry out. This chemical is used very little in the Radiochemistry laboratory and holding times should be carefully monitored and reduced if possible. It is currently stored in a fume cupboard with both concentrated Nitric and Sulfuric acids. Compatibility testing indicates storage of these chemicals together is suitable.
Phosphoric acid
Forms explosive mixtures with nitromethane. 
It is recommended to prevent Phosphoric acid and nitromethane from being stored in the same area (ie a fume cupboard or cabinet) a label is placed on new containers of both chemicals to indicate that they should never be stored in the same area or handled at the same time.
Potassium permanganate
Avoid any contamination of this material as it is very reactive and any contamination is potentially hazardous. This chemical is used in small quantities for gross alpha/beta analysis by LSC. Permanganates may reacts violently when exposed to sulfuric acid or hydrogen peroxide. May form explosive compounds with ammonium compounds, cellulosics (such as cotton, paper or the filter papers commonly used by EnRad).
It is recommended that, due to low usage, this Potassium permanganate is integrated into a time-management framework.

Appendix 2  EnRad chemical inventory
Table A2.1  EnRad Chemical Inventory as of February 2009
Lab	Chemical	Quantity avg	Chemical group	MSDS updated	Notes	
19						
	Aluminium Oxide	3 x 25 g	Current	Yes		
	Ammonia (28% Conc)	1 L	Current	Yes		
	Ascorbic Acid	1 x 1 kg,        1 x 500 g	Current	Yes	Dispose of most of this and prepare a more suitable container. Current containers have aged condsiderably. The product appears stable and continues to perform adequately in procedures. 	
	Barium Chloride, dihydrate	4 x 500 g, 1 x 20 g	Current	Yes	Have approx 2 kg of this. Far over requirements. 1 kg is very aged and should be disposed of.	
	Calcium Phosphate	1 x 1 kg  	Current		Used for preparation of attenuation standards for gamma spectrometry. Not currently used, but is quite stable and may be used in future.	
	Chloroform	4 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes	Test for Phosgene formation - dispose of excess and integrate into time-management framework.	
	Decon 90	5 L	Current	Yes		
	Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)	3 x 1 kg	Current	Yes		
	4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde			Yes	For making a phosgene testing reagent.	
	Diphenylamine			Yes	For making a phosgene testing reagent.	
	BioRad 1x8-50 Ion Exchange Resin 	2 x 500 g	Current	Yes	The MSDS is for the Dowex resin.	
	Ethanol	6 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
	Ferric Chloride, Anhydrous	1 x 500 g	Current	Yes	Stored in dessicator.	
	High Vacuum Grease, Technical	1 x 100 g 	Current	Yes		
	Isopropanol	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes	Test for Peroxide formation - dispose of excess and integrate into time-management framework.	
	Lead Nitrate	1 x 500g,              1 x 250g	Current	Yes	Current stocks may be  old or excessive, this should be assessed. 	
	Manganese Chloride, Tetrahydrate	1 x 500 g	Current	Yes	Used occasionally for Manganese Dioxide precipitation. 	
	Mercurisorb (Silver Nitrate)	1 x 100 g 	Current	Yes	Part of the Mercury Spill Kit.	
	Millipore Cleaning tablets	1 x 100 g 	Current	Yes	Used for autoclean function on Millipore pure water system. 	
	Nitric Acid	3 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
17

Lab	Chemical	Quantity avg	Chemical group	MSDS updated	Notes	
	Perchloric Acid (Concentrated)	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes	Volumes held are far in excess of those needed for EnRad. Recommended that smaller containers are sourced and that this chemical is placed within the time-management framework.	
	Phosphoric acid (85%)	1 x 1 L	Current	Yes	Used for New LSC method.	
	Sodium Hydroxide	1 x 500g,              1 x 1 kg	Current	Yes		
	Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate	1 x 500 g	Current	Yes		
	Sodium Sulphate (Anhydrous)	3 x 12 kg	Current	Yes		
	Sulfuric Acid	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
	Thymol Blue	< 5 g	Current	Yes	Very aged, but stable chemical in very low quantities - not recommended for disposal.	
	Tributyl Phosphate	500 mL	Current	Yes		
	Xylenes		Current	Yes		
21						
	Acetic Acid (Glacial)	3 x 500 mL	Current	Yes		
	Ammonium Persulfate	2 x 500 g	Honours	Yes	This chemical was purchased for digestion of EDTA as part of an Honours Project conducted by P.Medley. It has no current intended use. Most of the product is remaining. 	
	Diethylammonium Diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC)	3 x 25 g	Current	Yes		
	Gallay Clean N powder	1 x 5 kg	Current	Yes		
	Nitric Acid (70%)	2.5L	Current	Yes		
	Nitromethane 	1 x 500 mL	Current	Yes	Used for preparation of quench standards for LSC. 	
	Perchloric Acid (Concentrated)	100ml	Current	Yes		
	Potassium Permanganate	1 x 500 g	Current		Used for New LSC method.	
	Sulphuric Acid (98%)	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
22+23						
	Acetone	1 x 2.5 L		Yes	Check to find alternative storage.	
	Ammonia (28% Conc)	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
	Ethanol (96%)	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
	Hydrochloric Acid (32%)	1 x 1 L	Current	Yes		
	Hydrochloric Acid (32%)	8 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
	Hydrogen Peroxide (30%)	3 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes		
	Isopropanol	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes	Test for Peroxide formation - dispose of excess and integrate into time-management framework	
18

Lab	Chemical	Quantity avg	Chemical group	MSDS updated	Notes	
25						
	Assorted radioactive sources (Class 7)		Current	Yes	Some of these sources may need MSDS data - eg thorium and uranium salts. Recommended that this is undertaken by Radiochemist of EnRad.	
	Assorted radioactive sources (Class 8)		Current	Yes	Some of these sources may need MSDS data - eg thorium and uranium salts. Recommended that this is undertaken by Radiochemist of EnRad.	
	Assorted radioactive sources (Class 7)		Current	Yes	Some of these sources may need MSDS data - eg thorium and uranium salts. Recommended that this is undertaken by Radiochemist of EnRad. Tritium containers are plastic - this is not appropriate as the plastic is semi-permeable to water. New glass containers.	
	Ethanol (96%)	4x 2.5L	Current	Yes		
27						
	Iron, Powder (>99%)	2 x 500 g	Current	Yes	Used for preparation of attenuation standards for gamma spectrometry. Not currently used, but is quite stable and may be used in future. 	
	Silica Gel, Orange	1 x 2.5 kg	Current	Yes		
30						
	High Vacuum Grease, Technical	2 x 100 g	Current	Yes		
Fire Store						
	Chloroform	10 x 2.5L	Current	Yes	Test for Phosgene formation - dispose of excess and integrate into time-management framework.	
	Isopropanol	1 x 2.5 L	Current	Yes	Test for Peroxide formation - dispose of excess and integrate into time-management framework.	
	Ethanol		Current	Yes		
	Tributyl Phosphate	1 x 500 mL	Current	Yes		
	Xylenes		Current	Yes		
	Chemical Solutions/Dispensers	Quantity Avg	Chemical Group		Container	
19						
	Ammonia Solution (4%)	500 mL	Current - Solution		500 mL plastic bottle	
	Amonia solution (28%)	125 mL	Current - Solution		Glass Dropper bottle	
	Hydrochloric Acid (5M)	2.5 L	Current - Solution		2.5L Winchester - Optifix dispenser	
	Nitric Acid (8M)	2.5 L	Current - Solution		2.5L Winchester - Optifix dispenser	
	Hydrochloric Acid (9M)	2.5 L	Current - Solution		2.5L Winchester - Optifix dispenser	
	Nitric Acid (2%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
19

Lab	Chemical	Quantity avg	Chemical group	MSDS updated	Notes	
	Sulphuric Acid (1%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Ammonium Hydroxide Wash Solution	500 mL	Current - Solution			
21						
	Sodium Sulphate (20%)	4 x 2 L	Current - Solution			
	Lead Nitrate (3.2%)	2 L	Current - Solution		2 L Stock solution - Nalgene lid with stopper	
	Lead Nitrate (3.2%)	250 mL	Current - Solution		500 mL plastic bottle	
	DTPA (0.2M)	2 L	Current - Solution			
	Hydrochloric Acid (2.5%)	1 L, 2 L	Current - Solution			
	Hydrochloric Acid (0.1M)	2 x 500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Ethanol (60%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Ethanol (80%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Nitric Acid (2%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Sodium Sulphate (0.3M)	100 mL	Current - Solution			
	Thymol Blue (0.2%)	125 mL	Current - Solution			
	DTPA (0.2M)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate (70%)	125ml	Current - Solution			
	Barium Carrier Solution	250 mL	Current - Solution			
	4.7M NaOH	400 mL	Current - Solution			
30						
	Isopropanol	500 mL	Current		Test for Peroxide formation - dispose of excess and integrate into time-management framework	
	Hydrochloric Acid (0.1M)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Ethanol (60%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Ethanol (80%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Nitric Acid (2%)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Sodium Sulphate (0.3M)	100 mL	Current - Solution			
	Thymol Blue (0.2%)	125 mL	Current - Solution			
	DTPA (0.2M)	500 mL	Current - Solution			
	Sodium Hydrogen Sulphate (70%)	125 mL	Current - Solution			
	Barium Carrier Solution	250 mL	Current - Solution			
	10 M NaOH	400 mL	Current - Solution			
	Isopropanol	500 mL				

20

Appendix 3  Disposal of chemicals from the EnRad laboratories
Table A3.1  Chemical disposal of old chemicals, standards and reference materials from the EnRad laboratories
Chemical 	Quantity	From	Product No:	Disposal	
Lithium Chloride	4 x 25 g   	BDH Chemicals Ltd England	14042	Disposed of by Waste Solutions January 2009.	
Ta PS:45-350um	3 x 20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: TA006010	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Buffer tablets (ph 9.2)	25 tablets	BDH Chemicals Australia	33156	Neutralised with 8 M Nitric acid. Disposed of to sewer. 21/10/2008	
Vanadium PS: 45-75um	10 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: V006011	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Lead PS: 75-150um	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: PB006030	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Iron PS: -500	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: FE006030	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Copper PS: -800	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: CU006030	Disposed of by Waste Solutions January 2009. 	
Molybdenum PS: 2 avg	100 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: MO006020	Disposed of by Waste Solutions January 2009. 	
Manganese PS: flakes	100 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: MN006100	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Arsenic PS: lumps	2 x 5 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: AS006100	Arrange for disposal by an authorised contractor. 	
Cromium PS: -38	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: CR006021/2	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Pepsin	10 g	Sigma Chemical Co, USA	P-7000	Digested with conc. nitiric acid. Disposed of to sewer. 21/10/2008	
Platihypnidium Riparioides	20 g	Community Bureau of Reference	No: 289	Given to CDU. Taken by David Parry on 08/02/2008. 	
Sn PS: -150	100 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	SN006010/2	Disposed of by Waste Solutions January 2009.	
Ni PS: -63	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	NI006030/4	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Zn PS: 75-150	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	ZN006030/3	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Co PS: -250	10 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	CO006030/3	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Cd PS: -53	20 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	CD006010/2	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Ti PS: -250	100 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	None given. 	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Selenium PS: pellets	10 g	Good Fellow Metals, Science park, England	Cat No: SE006100	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Iron(II)sulfide	40 g	Aldrich Chemical Co. USA	01607BQ	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	
Indium Oxide	1 g	Johnson, Matthey and Co. Ltd London	Cat No: IM385	Disposed to landfill through Veolia November 2008. 	

Disposal to landfill:	
All of the metals that were held were in unopened sealed glass ampoules with an outer plastic container.
The actual mass of metal in these packages is considered low enough for general disposal to landfill after suitable additional packaging.
The outer plastic containers were double bagged separately. All bags were then placed into a plastic container, then sealed. This was then placed in a heavy duty cardboard box, sealed
 and disposed of to general waste.	
21

Table A3.2  List of those chemicals colleced and disposed of by Waste solutions in January 2009 (some chemicals were not from the EnRad laboratories)
Waste solutions/chemicals to be removed from Supervising Scientist Division, cnr Pederson road & Fenton court, Marrara (near airport)	
# Containers	Dangerous Goods Classification	Hazardous Substance	Name (Written On Container)	Volume/
Weight	Notes	Location at SSD	
1	4.2	No	Charcoal	100 g	Not original container	L.19	
						L.19	
1	5.1	Yes	Stock MnO2 (80%)	13 g	Not original container, no label just writing in texter on outside of container.	L.19	
1	5.1	Yes	Sr(NO3)2	50 g	Strontium Nitrate - Not original container, handwritten label is slightly damaged. 	L.19	
							
1	6.1	Yes	Methyl Orange, screened (powder)	< 25 g		L.19	
1	6.1	Yes	BaCl2	50 g	Barium Chloride - Not original container.	L.19	
							
1	8	Yes	Borate Buffer solution	125 mL		L.16	
							
1	9	Yes	Metol	500 g	4-Methylaminophenol sulphate 	L.19	
1	9	Yes	Methyl Violet 6B (powder)	< 25 g		L.19	
1	9	No	Bromophenol blue solution	< 100 mL		L.19	
							
1		Yes	Copper - 99.99+% purity - unopened (powder)	20 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Sn - 99.75+% purity - unopened	100 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Molybdenum 99.9+% purity - unopened (powder)	100 g		L.19	
4		Yes	Lithium chloride	25 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Sodium alizarinsulphonate - alizarin Red S (powder)	< 100 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Neutral Red indicator (powder)	< 25 g		L.19	
3		Yes	Fuchsin basic – unopened (powder)	25 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Fuchsin basic (powder)	< 25 g		L.19	
22

Waste solutions/chemicals to be removed from Supervising Scientist Division, cnr Pederson road & Fenton court, Marrara (near airport)	
# Containers	Dangerous Goods Classification	Hazardous Substance	Name (Written On Container)	Volume/
Weight	Notes	Location at SSD	
1		Yes	Lyssamine green B	< 10 g	Label is slightly damaged. Spelling on container is: "Lyssamine" while msds sheet details spelling as "Lissamine"	L.19	
23
1		Yes	Phenolphthalein Solution	< 100 mL		L.19	
1		Yes	Spinkote (tube)	30 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Phenolphthalein (powder)	< 25 g		L.19	
1		Yes	tetrasodium pyrophosphate	20 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Calcium chloride hydrated	10 g		L.19	
1		Yes	Formazin waste (<20NTU)	20 L	Jerry can	L.16	
1		No	Magna floc (granular)	< 70 g	Not original container, no label just writing in texta on outside of container.	L.19	
1		No	Crystal violet (granular)	< 25 g		L.19	
2		No	Potassium Sulfate - 99+% purity  (powder) 	500 g		L.19	
1		No	L-Ascorbic acid	< 500 g		L.19	
1		No	Eriochrome black T (powder)	< 25 g		L.19	
1		No	Methylthymol blue	1 g		L.19	
1		No	Thymol blue	< 5 g		L.19	
2		No	Bromocresol green (powder)	< 5 g		L.19	
1		No	2,7 - Dichlorofluroescein (powder)	< 10 g		L.19	
1		No	0.1% Bromothymol blue (solution)	50 mL	Dropper bottle, handwritten label.	L.19	
1		No	Methyl Red (Powder)	10 g		L.19	
1		No	Porphyrin	3 g	Not original container, handwritten label.	L.19	
1		No	Bromothymol blue (powder)	< 5 g		L.19	
1		No	Magnesium sulfate	10 kg		L.16	
23

Appendix 4  Testing of currently held time-sensitive chemicals

Table A4.1  Details of pH testing of chloroform
pH testing of Chloroform	Date: 29/10/08	Analysts: PSM / JS	
						
Location	Storage	pH 				
Chem Lab (L.19)	2.5L Opened Winchester	7				
						
Method:						
10-20ml of chloroform was poured into a petri-dish and tested with a pH strip (1-14 range).	
						
Results:						
Strip indicated a pH of 7 (neutral) which would indicate that there hasn’t been any 		
formation of Hydrochloric Acid within the chloroform, therefore no phosgene would be expected.	

Table A4.2  Details of phosgene testing of chloroform
Phosgene Testing in Chloroform	Date: 29/10/08	Analysts: PSM / JS	
				
Test Bottle: 1	
Location	Storage			
Chem Lab (L.19)	2.5L Opened Winchester			
Method:				
Prepared a 25ml alcoholic solution containing a 10% mixture of Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 	
& Diphenylamine. This solution was dripped onto white strips of paper and allowed to dry	
completely. From this 2 strips were fixed onto the neck of the Chloroform Bottle along with a 	
Plastic Bag containg the strips and Bottle Cap which was then removed to ensure all gas	
was trapped within the bag and exposed to the strips. Strips were left for 1minute before 	
checking results.				
Results: 	 			
The strip did not change colour, indicating no phosgene present within this Chloroform bottle.	

Test Bottle: 2	
Location	Storage			
Chem Lab (L.19)	2.5L Unopened Winchester			
Method:				
Prepared a 25 ml alcoholic solution containing a 10% mixture of Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 	
& Diphenylamine. This solution was dripped onto white strips of paper and allowed to dry	
completely. From this a Test Strip was fixed to the inside of the Chloroform Bottle lid and was 	
placed onto the Chloroform Bottle for 1minute.			
Results:				
The strip did not change colour, indicating no phosgene present within this Chloroform bottle.	

Table A4.3  Peroxide testing of Isopropanol in  EnRad laboratories and work areas
Peroxide Testing of Isopropanol				
					
Location	Storage	Peroxides Present (mg/L)	Hydro-Peroxides Present (mg/L)	Comments	
Chem Lab (L.19)	500 mL Squirt Bottle	0	0	Slight blue colour around edge of strip.	
					
Chem Lab (L.21)	500 mL Squirt Bottle	0	0		
					
Chem Lab (L.19)	2.5 L (Unopened Winchester)	0	0	Possibly a little bit of blue around strip edges	
					
Detecter Room (L.29)	500 mL Squirt Bottle	2	2	Maybe a slight increase in Hydro-peroxide Test.	
					
Source Lab (L.25)	500 mL Squirt Bottle	0.5	0		
					
Source Lab (L.25)	2.5 L Opened Winchester	0	0	Possibly a little bit of blue around strip edges	
					
Method:					
10–20 ml of each solution was poured into a labelled petri-dish and tested with Quantofix Peroxide 25 Test Strips (Sigma Aldrich) according to pack instructions.	

Appendix 5  Chemical incompatibility assessment for EnRad holdings
Chemical compatibility assessment for the EnRad laboratories as of February 2009.
Table A5.1  Incompatibility classes as taken from the Cameo and NOAA website (http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/)
Incompatibilities					
Incompatible 1	Exothermic reaction. May generate heat and/or cause pressuriasation		
Incompatible 2	Reaction may be intense or violent			
Incompatible 3	May form explosive peroxides			
Incompatible 4	Increased sensitivity to detonation			
Incompatible 5	Generates water soluble toxic products			
Incompatible 6	May be hazardous but unknown			
Incompatible 7	Reaction proceeds with explosive violence and/or forms explosive products		
Incompatible 8	Explosive when mixed with combustible material 		
Incompatible 9	Combination liberates gaseous products, including both flammable and toxic gases. May cause presssurisation	
Incompatible 10	Combination liberates combustion-enhancing gas (eg oxygen). May cause pressurisation	
Incompatible 11	Forms very unstable explosive metallic compounds		
Incompatible 12	Heat generated from chemical reaction may initiate explosion		
Incompatible 13	Spontaneous ignition of reactants or products due to reaction heat		
Incompatible 14	Combination liberates gaseous products, at least one of which is toxic. May cause pressurisation	
26

Table A5.2  Cross reactivity assessment for solid poisons held by EnRad
Reactivity Data information for Solid Poisons held by EnRad.	
Chemical Name	Barium Chloride	Diphenylamine	Lead Nitrate	Mercurisorb (Silver Nitrate)	
Barium Chloride	N/A	Incompatible 5	Incompatible 1	Incompatible 1	
Diphenylamine	Incompatible 5	N/A	Incompatible 1, 7, 11-14	Incompatible 1, 7, 11-14	
Lead Nitrate	Incompatible 1	Incompatible 1, 7, 11-14	N/A	Incompatible 6	
Mercurisorb (Silver Nitrate)	Incompatible 1	Incompatible 1, 7, 11-14	Incompatible 6	N/A	
Suitable Storage Groups identified	Updated 13/11/2008. PSM			
Group 1: PSC19.01	Class				
Barium Chloride	6.1				
Diphenylamine	6.1				
Lead Nitrate*	5.1 (6.1)				
Mercurisorb (Silver Nitrate)*	5.1 (6.1)				
*Lead Nitrate and Mercurisorb (Silver Nitrate) are incompatible with the other Class 6 chemicals. Due to limited quantities and limited storage capacity these are to be stored in the same Poisons Cabinet on different shelves. PSM	
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Table A5.3  Cross reactivity assessment for solids held by EnRad and stored in dessicators
Chemical Name	Ammonium Persulfate*	DDTC	Ferric Chloride	Potassium Permanganate	Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate	Sodium Hydroxide	
Ammonium Persulfate*	N/A	Incompatible 1, 2, 13, 14, 15	Incompatible 1, 9	None	Incompatible 1, 9	Incompatible 1, 7, 10, 13, 14	
DDTC	Incompatible 1, 2, 13, 14, 15	N/A	None	Incompatible 1, 2,13, 14, 15	None	Incompatible 1, 14	
Ferric Chloride	Incompatible 1, 9	None	N/A	Incompatible 1, 9	None	Incompatible 1, 3	
Potassium Permanganate	None	Incompatible 1, 2,13, 14, 15	Incompatible 1, 9	N/A	Incompatible 1, 9	Incompatible 1, 7, 10, 13, 14	
Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate	Incompatible 1, 9	None	None	Incompatible 1, 9	N/A	Incompatible 3	
Sodium Hydroxide	Incompatible 1, 7, 10, 13, 14	Incompatible 1, 14	Incompatible 1, 3	Incompatible 1, 7, 10, 13, 14	Incompatible 3	N/A	
							
*It is not required that Potassium Permanganate be stored in a dessicator. As a Class 5.1 chemical it has been assessed as best stored with Ammonium Persulfate, and is thus included in this group. PSM	
Suitable Storage Groups identified	Updated 20/11/2008. PSM					
Group 1	Class						
DDTC	None						
Ferric Chloride	8						
Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate	8						
Group 2							
Sodium Hydroxide*	8						
Ammonium Persulfate	5.1						
Potassium Permanganate	5.1						
							
*Sodium Hydroxide is incompatible with the Class 5.1 chemicals. Due to limited quantities and limited storage capacity these are to be stored in the same Dessicator on different shelves, until a new solid corrosives cabinet is acquired. Ensure Sodium Hydroxide has a tray sufficient to capture any spillage. PSM	
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Table A5.4  Reactivity data held for flammable liquids held by EnRad
Reactivity Data information for Flammable liquids held by EnRad.	
Chemical Name	Acetic Acid, Glacial	Acetone	Chloroform	Ethanol	Isopropanol	LSC Cocktails	Nitromethane	Toluene	Tri-butyl phosphate	Xylenes	
Acetic Acid, Glacial	N/A	None	None	Incompatible 1, 2	Incompatible 1, 2	Unknown	None	None	None	None	
Acetone	None	N/A	Incompatible 2*	Incompatible 3	Incompatible 3	Unknown	Incompatible 4	None	None	None	
Chloroform	None	Incompatible 2*	N/A	None	None	Unknown	Incompatible 4	None	None	None	
Ethanol	Incompatible 1, 2	Incompatible 3	None	N/A	None	Unknown	Incompatible 1, 2	None	None	None	
Isopropanol	Incompatible 1, 2	Incompatible 3	None	None	N/A	Unknown	Incompatible 1, 2	None	None	None	
LSC Cocktails	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	N/A	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	
Nitromethane	None	Incompatible 4	Incompatible 4	Incompatible 1, 2	Incompatible 1, 2	Unknown	N/A	Incompatible 1	None	Incompatible 1	
Toluene	None	None	None	None	None	Unknown	Incompatible 1	N/A	None	None	
Tri-butyl phosphate	None	None	None	None	None	Unknown	None	None	N/A	None	
Xylenes	None	None	None	None	None	Unknown	Incompatible 1	None	None	N/A	
*This incompatibility taken from the ChemWatch MSDS. Not indicated on NOAA website. 
	
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Suitable Storage Groups identified	Updated 22/10/2008. PSM									
Group 1	Class	Notes									
Acetic Acid, Glacial	8 (3)	A new Flammables cabinet of limited size is required for chemicals in this group					
Acetone	3										
Nitromethane	3										
Group 2											
Chloroform	6.1										
Ethanol	3										
Isopropanol	3										
Toluene	Unknown	This solution contains Naphrax in Toluene. 							
Tri-butyl phosphate	None	Combustible liquid								
Xylenes	3										
Chemicals with no current reactivity data										
LSC Cocktails											
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Table A5.5  Cross reactivity assessment for chemicals held in general storage by EnRad
31
Reactivity data information for chemicals in general storage held by EnRad	
Chemical Name	Aluminium Oxide	Ascorbic Acid	Calcium Phosphate	4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde	DTPA	EDTA	High Vacuum Grease	
Aluminium Oxide	N/A	None	None	unknown	None	Incompatible 5	None	
Ascorbic Acid	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
Calcium Phosphate	None	None	N/A	unknown	None	Incompatible 5	None	
4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde	unknown	unknown	unknown	N/A	None	None	None	
DTPA	None	None	None	unknown	N/A	None	None	
EDTA	Incompatible 5	None	Incompatible 5	unknown	None	N/A	None	
High Vacuum Grease	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	N/A	
Ion Exchange Resin (1x8)	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
Manganese Chloride	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
Methyl Red	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
Millipore Chlorine Tablets	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
Potassium Sulfate	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
Sodium Sulfate	Incompatible 6	None	Incompatible 6	unknown	None	None		
Thymol Blue	None	None	None	unknown	None	None	None	
								
Chemical Name	Ion Exchange Resin (1x8)	Manganese Chloride	Methyl Red	Millipore Chlorine Tablets	Potassium Sulfate	Sodium Sulfate	Thymol Blue	
Aluminium Oxide	None	None	None	None	None	Incompatible 6	None	
Ascorbic Acid	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	
Calcium Phosphate	None	None	None	None	None	Incompatible 6	None	
4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	unknown	

Chemical Name	Ion Exchange Resin (1x8)	Manganese Chloride	Methyl Red	Millipore Chlorine Tablets	Potassium Sulfate	Sodium Sulfate	Thymol Blue	
DTPA	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	
EDTA	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	
High Vacuum Grease	None	None	None	None	None	None	None	
Ion Exchange Resin (1x8)	N/A	None	None	None	None	None	None	
Manganese Chloride	None	N/A	None	None	None	None	None	
Methyl Red	None	None	N/A	None	None	None	None	
Millipore Chlorine Tablets	None	None	None	N/A	None	None	None	
Potassium Sulfate	None	None	None	None	N/A	None	None	
Sodium Sulfate	None	None	None	None	None	N/A	None	
Thymol Blue	None	None	None	None	None	None	N/A	
Suitable Storage Groups identified	Updated 21/10/2008. PSM				
Group 1: GCS19.02	Class							
Aluminium Oxide	None							
Ammonium Acetate	None							
Calcium Phosphate	None							
DTPA	None							
High Vacuum Grease	None							
Ion Exchange Resin (1x8)	None							
Manganese Chloride	None							
Methyl Red	None							
Millipore Chlorine Tablets	None							
Potassium Sulfate	None							
Thymol Blue	None							
Group 2								
EDTA	None							
Sodium Sulfate	None							
No current reactivity data								
4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde								
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Table A5.5  Reactivity data for corrosives liquids held by EnRad
Reactivity Data information for Corrosive liquids held by EnRad	
Chemical Name	Hydrochloric acid	Nitric Acid	Perchloric Acid	Phosphoric Acid	Sulfuric Acid	
Hydrochloric acid	N/A	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	None	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	
Nitric Acid	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	N/A	None	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	None	
Perchloric Acid	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	None	N/A	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	None	
Phosphoric Acid	None	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	N/A	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	
Sulfuric Acid	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	None	None	Incompatible 1, 9, 12, 15	N/A	
						
Suitable Storage Groups identified	Updated 22/10/2008. PSM				
Group 1	Class					
Hydrochloric acid	8					
Phosphoric Acid	5.1 (8)					
Group 2						
Nitric Acid	8					
Perchloric Acid	8					
Sulfuric Acid	8					

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