Approved Recovery Plan 	

Recovery Plan for

Zieria formosa, Zieria buxijugum and
Zieria parrisiae

April 2002

NSW NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

© NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002.
This work is copyright however, material presented in this Plan may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, providing that any extracts are fully acknowledged.   Apart from this and any other use as permitted under the Copyright Act
1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from NPWS.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,
43 Bridge Street, (PO Box 1967), Hurstville NSW 2220
Tel: 02 95856444

www.npws.nsw.gov.au

Requests for information or comments regarding the recovery program for the three Zieria species considered in this Plan are best directed to:

The Zieria Recovery Team coordinator	NPWS Far South Coast Region
Threatened Species Unit	PO Box 656
NPWS Southern Directorate	Merimbula NSW   2548
PO Box 2115	Ph: (02) 6495 5001
Queanbeyan NSW   2620
Ph: (02) 6298 9700

or

The Director,
Regional Wildlife Programs, Wildlife Australia Branch, Environment Australia,
PO Box 636,
Canberra ACT 2601
Ph: (02) 6274 1111

Cover photograph: Zieria buxijugum
Photographer:  J. D. Briggs

This Plan should be cited as following:

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (2002). Draft Recovery Plan for Zieria formosa, Zieria  buxijugum  and  Zieria  parrisiae.	NSW  National  Parks  and  Wildlife  Service, Hurstville NSW.

ISBN 0 7313 64961

Recovery Plan for Zieria formosa, Zieria buxijugum and Zieria parrisiae

Executive Summary

This document constitutes the formal New South Wales State and National Recovery Plan for Zieria formosa, Zieria buxijugum and Zieria parrisiae.   It considers the conservation requirements of these species across their known range, identifies the future actions to be taken to ensure their long-term viability in nature and the parties who will carry these out.

The three Zieria’s are listed as Endangered under the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999, and as Endangered (Schedule 1, Part 1) on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act
1995.  All three species are shrubs that occur on rhyolite rock outcrops and grow to between two and four metres high.  In spring these Zieria’s produce clusters of small, white or pink flowers at the ends of their branchlets.  Only a single population of each species is known.  The three species occur on private properties located between about six and 10 km west of Pambula in the far South Coast area of NSW.  The species do not co-occur.

The rarity of these Zieria’s was first drawn to the attention of the then landowners by the Australian National Herbarium, Canberra during 1986 and 1987, soon after they were discovered.  At that time the species were also brought into cultivation at the Australian National Botanic Gardens, Canberra.

The Recovery Actions detailed in this Recovery Plan include; (i) the fencing of Z. parrisiae sites to exclude wallabies and the protection of selected plants of Z. buxijugum using individual wire mesh guards, (ii) the establishment and maintenance of a regular monitoring program, (iii) determining whether ex-situ populations should be established, (iv) discussion with landowners regarding medium and long term security for the sites, and (v) maintenance of an effective liaison between NPWS and the landowners.

It is intended that this Recovery Plan will be implemented over a period of five years.  Most of the Plan will be implemented using the existing resources of NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service and Commonwealth Natural Heritage Trust funding already provided for this purpose.   Some currently uncosted additional funds may be required to implement Action 3.2 (establishment of an ex-situ population/s), should this action be determined necessary.

BRIAN GILLIGAN	BOB DEBUS MP
Director-General	Minister  for  the  Environment

Acknowledgments

This Plan has been prepared by a small Recovery Team working in close consultation with two of the three landholders who have the Zieria species growing on their properties.

The members of the Recovery Team are John Briggs and Genevieve Wright from the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) Southern Directorate, Sharon Davey from NPWS Far South Coast Region and Graham Roche from Bega Valley Shire Council.  Warwick Smith of NPWS Southern Directorate was also on the Recovery Team until February, 2000.

The cooperation and enthusiastic support of a previous landowner, Chris Parramore, and the current landholders Sue McIntyre and Greg Carton, Rod and Elisabeth McIntyre and Sue and Brian Sullivan for the protection of these species on their properties is much appreciated.

Environment Australia has provided funding for the preparation of the Recovery Plan and the implementation of several recovery actions.

1	Introduction

Zieria   formosa   J.   Briggs   &   J.   Armstrong   ms., Z. buxijugum  J.  Briggs  &  J.  Armstrong  ms.  and Z. parrisiae J. Briggs & J. Armstrong ms. are all only known from single populations, consisting of 38, 32 and 36 adult plants, respectively.  These species occur on   three   separate   rhyolite   rock   outcrops.   Zieria formosa  occurs  on  three  private  properties  located about six kilometres west of Pambula. The other two species occur on a private property about 10 km west of Pambula in the Far South Coast region of NSW.

This   document   constitutes   the   formal   State   and National Recovery Plan for these species and as such considers the requirements of the species across their known range.   It identifies the actions to be taken to ensure  their  long-term  viability  in  nature  and  the parties who will carry these out.

The attainment of the objectives of this Recovery Plan is subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the  parties  involved.	It  may  also  be  necessary  to amend this Plan in their event of new information or following recommended changes to the Recovery Program by the Recovery Team in consultation with the private landowners.  The information in this Plan is accurate to March 2002.

This Plan has been prepared by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) in consultation with a small Recovery Team and the private landowners who have these species growing

•	other  actions  that  are  likely  to  result  in  the harming or picking of that species or damage its habitat are licenced.

2.2	Recovery Plan Preparation

The TSC Act provides a legislative framework to protect and encourage the recovery of threatened species, endangered populations and endangered ecological   communities   in   NSW.	Under   this legislation the Director-General of National Parks and Wildlife (NPW) has a responsibility to prepare Recovery Plans for all species, populations and ecological communities listed as endangered or vulnerable on the TSC Act schedules.   Similarly, the EPBC Act requires that the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment ensures the preparation of a Recovery Plan for nationally listed species and communities or adopts plans prepared by others, including those developed by State agencies.   Both Acts include specific requirements for the matters to be addressed by Recovery Plans and the administrative process for their preparation.

This Recovery Plan has been prepared to satisfy both the requirements of the TSC Act and the EPBC Act.  It is the intention of the Director-General of NPW to forward the final version of this Plan to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment for adoption, once it has been approved by the NSW Minister for the Environment.

on their properties.	2.3	Recovery Plan Implementation

The TSC Act requires that a public authority must take

2	Legislative Context

2.1	Legal Status

Zieria  formosa,  Z.  buxijugum  and  Z.  parrisiae  are listed on both the Commonwealth’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the NSW Threatened Species Conservation  Act  1995  (TSC  Act)  as  Endangered. They  are  also  listed  as  nationally  Endangered  by Briggs and Leigh (1996), all with a coding of 2E (Endangered and not reserved).

Among   the   consequences   of   being   listed   as   a

any appropriate measures available to implement actions included in a Recovery Plan for which it has agreed  to  be  responsible.	 Public  authorities  and councils	identified	as	responsible	for	the implementation of Recovery Plan actions are required by the TSC Act to report annually on measures taken to  implement  those  actions.		In  addition,  the  Act specifies that public authorities must not make decisions that are inconsistent with the provisions of a Recovery Plan.  The government agencies relevant to this Plan are Bega Valley Shire Council (BVSC) and NPWS.  Consequently, the actions outlined for each of these agencies must be implemented as described in this Plan.

threatened species on the TSC Act are:	The EPBC Act specifies that a Commonwealth agency

•	a Recovery Plan must be prepared;

•	consideration  must  be  given  to  the  species  in assessing the impacts of developments and activities with the aim of minimising adverse impacts; and

must not take any action that contravenes an approved
Recovery Plan.

2.4	Relationship to Other Legislation

Zieria formosa, Z. buxijugum and Z. parrisiae occur entirely on private freehold land.
Relevant legislation includes:

•	NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974	•	The DLWC in relation to private land under the

•	NSW  Environmental  Planning  and  Assessment

requirements of the NVC Act; and

Act 1979	•	The NPWS where a concurrence or consultation

•	NSW Local Government Act 1993
•	NSW Rural Fires Act 1997
•	NSW Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997
•	Commonwealth	Environment    Protection    and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The interaction of these Acts with the TSC Act is varied.	The   most   significant   implications   are described below and in Section 2.5.

The clearing of native vegetation in NSW is subject to consent from the Department of Land and Water Conservation (DLWC) in accordance with the NSW Native Vegetation Conservation Act 1997 (NVC Act). The NVC Act is integrated with the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EP&A Act), and requires that threatened species are taken into account when considering clearing applications under Part 4 of the  EP&A  Act.	There  are  however,  a  series  of exemptions,  and  the  NVC  Act  does  not  apply  to certain   types   of   land   including   land   zoned   as
‘residential’,   ‘township’,   ‘village’,   ‘industrial’,   or
‘business’.  The private land supporting Z. formosa is zoned Rural Residential and the land on which Z. buxijugum and Z. parrisiae occur is zoned Rural 1a. The NVC Act thus applies to all sites of these species.

The Rural Fires Act 1997 requires that all parties involved in fire suppression and prevention must have regard to the principles of Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD) when exercising their functions and when preparing Draft Operational Plans and Draft Bush Fire Risk Management Plans.  Consideration of the principles of ESD must include the conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity.   Within this, consideration must be given to the impact on threatened species and their habitats.

2.5	Environmental Assessment

The New South Wales Environmental Planning and Assessment   Act   1979   (EP&A   Act)   requires   that consent and determining authorities, and the Director- General of NPW, as a concurrence authority, consider relevant Recovery Plans when exercising a decision- making function under Parts 4 and 5 of the EP&A Act. Decision-makers must consider known and potential habitat, biological and ecological factors, and the regional significance of individual populations.

The following public authorities are currently known to  have  a  decision  making  function  in  relation  to Z. formosa, Zieria buxijugum and Z. parrisiae:

•	BVSC;

role under the EP&A Act is required, or where a Section  91  Licence  (under  the  TSC  Act)  or  a Section 132 Licence (Licence to grow protected or threatened plants for the purposes of sale) is required.

Any action not requiring development consent or approval under the EP&A Act, and which is likely to have a significant impact on Z. formosa, Z. buxijugum and Z. parrisiae, requires a section 91 licence from the Director-General of NPW under the provisions of the TSC  Act.	Such  a  licence  can  be  issued  with  or without  conditions,  or  can  be  refused.	    Routine agricultural activities however, are exempt from the provisions of the TSC Act.  This means, for example, that those populations of Z. formosa, Z. buxijugum and Z. parrisiae	   on	private	land	can,	in	some circumstances,   legally   be   subject   to   grazing   by domestic stock under the provisions of the TSC Act.

The EPBC Act regulates actions that may result in a significant impact on nationally listed threatened species and ecological communities.   It is an offence to undertake any such actions in areas under State or Territory jurisdiction, as well as on Commonwealth- owned areas, without obtaining prior approval from the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment.  As these three Zieria species are listed nationally under the EPBC Act, any person proposing to undertake actions likely to have a significant impact on any of these species should refer the action to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment for consideration.  The Minister will then decide whether the action requires EPBC Act approval.

Administrative	guidelines	 are	available	from Environment    Australia	to	assist    proponents	in determining whether their action is likely to have a significant impact.  In cases where the action does not require EPBC Act approval, but will result in the death or injury of a member of these three Zieria species and the  member  is  in,  or  on  a  Commonwealth  area,  a permit issued by the Commonwealth Minister under the EPBC Act, will be required.

The Environment Minister can also delegate the role of assessment and approval to other Commonwealth Ministers under a Ministerial Declaration, and to the States and Territories under bilateral agreements.  The development of a bilateral agreement between NSW and the Commonwealth is not yet complete, but when in place will avoid the need for duplication of environmental assessment.

2.6	Critical Habitat

The TSC Act makes provision for the identification and declaration of Critical Habitat for species, populations and ecological communities listed as endangered.  Once declared, it becomes an offence to damage Critical Habitat (unless the TSC Act specifically exempts the action) and a Species Impact Statement is mandatory for all developments and activities proposed within Critical Habitat.

To  date,  Critical  Habitat  has  not  been  declared  for these species under the TSC Act.

Under   the   EPBC   Act,   Critical   Habitat   may   be registered for any nationally listed threatened species or ecological community.  When adopting a Recovery Plan the Federal Minister for the Environment must consider whether to list habitat identified in the Recovery Plan as being critical to the survival of the species  or  ecological  community.	  It  is  an  offence under the EPBC Act for a person to knowingly take an action on a Commonwealth area that will significantly damage Critical Habitat (unless the EPBC Act specifically   exempts   the   action).		Although   this offence only applies to a Commonwealth area, any action that is likely to have a significant impact on a listed species occurring within registered Critical Habitat on other areas is still subject to referral and approval  under  the  EPBC  Act.	Proposed  actions within	registered	Critical	Habitat	on	non- Commonwealth areas are likely to receive additional scrutiny by the Commonwealth Minister.

This Plan does not specifically identify habitat that is critical  to  the  survival  of  these  species.	However NPWS considers that the areas critical to the survival of these species must include as a minimum all habitat currently occupied by them.  The distribution, habitat and ecological information included in this Plan (sections 3.2 – 3.6) would assist the Federal Minister for  the  Environment  in  identifying  habitat  that  is critical to the survival of these species.	NPWS does not consider it appropriate that this Recovery Plan identifies or maps the occurrences of these species in the detail that would be required to define the Critical Habitat.

3	Species Information

3.1	Description and Taxonomy

Zieria formosa is a dense rounded shrub that grows up  to  2  m  in  height.	The  leaves  are  arranged  in clusters  of  three  leaflets  (trifoliolate)  on  a common stalk, with the leaf clusters occurring in opposite pairs long the branchlets.   Both surfaces of the leaves are covered with a dense velvety layer of short stellate (star-shaped) hairs, giving the foliage a pale greyish-

green appearance.  The upper surface is covered with numerous small warts (tubercles) whilst the lower surface is sparsely warty.   The flowers are pale pink and  are  arranged  in  large,  26-45  flowered  clusters. The flower clusters arise from the leaf axils near the ends of the branchlets and protrude slightly beyond the leaves.   Individual flowers are about 6-9 mm across with   four   obovate   petals.	Flowering   occurs   in September-October.	The  fruit  is  a  four  chambered capsule about 5 mm across.   Each chamber contains one  or  rarely  two  elliptical  dark-brown  seeds 2-2.5 mm long.   See Figure 1 for photograph of flowering branchlet.

Figure 1. Zieria formosa

Zieria buxijugum is an erect shrub growing to 3.5 m in height.  The leaves are arranged in clusters of three leaflets (trifoliolate) on a common stalk, with the leaf clusters	occurring	in	opposite	pairs	long	 the branchlets.	The  leaves  are  strongly aromatic when crushed, and both surfaces of the leaf are covered with a dense, velvety layer of stellate (star-shaped) hairs and  numerous  conspicuous  warts  (tubercles).	The central  leaflet  is  linear  to  narrow  oblanceolate  in shape, 15-30 mm long and 2-3 mm broad, with the edges rolled under.  The outer leaflets in the cluster are similar, but only about three quarters the size.   The leaves are dull grey-green above and pale green beneath.   The flowers are white and are arranged in clusters of up to 28.   The flower clusters arise from leaf axils near the ends of the branchlets on a common stalk  which  is  up  to  1.5  cm  long.	   The  individual flowers are 6-7 mm across with four ovate-elliptic petals.  Flowering occurs in September.  The fruit is a four  chambered  capsule  about  5  mm  across.	The capsule is red-brown when young, becoming greenish

at maturity. Each chamber contains one or rarely two elliptical dark-brown seeds 2-2.5 mm long. (See cover photograph for illustration of leaves, flowers and very young fruit).

Zieria parrisiae is a bushy shrub growing to 4.2 m in height.   The leaves are arranged in clusters of three leaflets (trifoliolate) on a common stalk, with the leaf clusters	occurring	in	opposite	pairs	long	the branchlets.	The  leaves  are  strongly aromatic when crushed, and the young stems and both surfaces of the leaf  are  covered  with  a  moderately  dense,  layer  of short stellate (star-shaped) hairs and numerous conspicuous warts (tubercles).	The leaf edges are

Armstrong (2002) and Briggs & Leigh (1990).

3.2	Distribution

Only a single population of each species is known. The three populations occur on private properties located about six and 10 km west of Pambula in the far South Coast area of NSW (see Figure 3).  The species do not co-occur. Numerous searches of similar habitat in the region by several botanists in the 1980s failed to locate other populations (Briggs and Leigh, 1990).

Zieria formosa is known from only one population on a rhyolite rock outcrop located at Lochiel, six kilometres south-west of Pambula.  In 1987 there were
125 ‘adult’ plants in the population (Briggs and Leigh,
1990).   A resurvey of the population in April 2001 found that the adult population (plants >1 m in height) had reduced to 38 plants, but there were also another
700 smaller plants (see Tables 1 & 2).  The population is spread over approximately 1 ha.

Figure 2.  Zieria parrisiae

slightly toothed (dentate) due to the warts and are also slightly  rolled  under.	The  leaves  are  opposite  and comprised of three leaflets (trifoliolate).   The central leaflet is narrow-lanceolate in shape, 25-30 mm long and  3-4  mm  wide,  with  the  edges
rolled under.   The outer leaflets are similar, but only three quarters the size.	  The  flowers  are  white  and occur in clusters of up to 33.   The flower clusters are arranged on a common  stalk  10-15  mm long  that arises from the axils of leaves near the	ends	of	the	branchlets. Individual flowers are 7-9 mm across with	  four	 ovate-elliptic		petals. Flowering		occurs		between September and November.  The fruit is a warty four-chambered capsule about  5mm  across.	Each  chamber contains one or rarely two elliptical grey-brown seeds about 2 mm long. See Figure 2 for photograph of flowering branchlet.

Zieria buxijugum is known from only one population on an ignimbrite rock outcrop on Box Range Farm, approximately 10 km west of Pambula.  In 1987 there were only 68 plants in the population (Briggs and Leigh, 1990).   When the species was resurveyed in February   1999,   the   Z. buxijugum   population   was found to have increased to 121 individuals over 1 m in height.   However, by April 2001 this had reduced to only 32 plants over 1 m in height, although there were another 273 smaller plants (see Tables 1 & 2).   The population is restricted to an area of about 0.4 ha.

Zieria   parrisiae   is   also   known   from   only   one

Note: The above descriptions are a simplification of the descriptions for these	species	as	presented	in

Figure 3. Distribution of Zieria buxijugum, Z. formosa and Z. parrisiae.

population  on  an  ignimbrite  rock  outcrop  on  Box
Range Farm, approximately 10 km west of Pambula.	Zieria parrisiae occurs in a gully on a north-north-

In 1987 there were only 40 plants (4 adults and 36 plants resprouting from near their bases) in the population (Briggs and Leigh, 1990).   In April 2001 the    population   was   resurveyed   and   the   adult population (plants over 1 m in height) had increased to
36, with another 185 plants also present (see Tables 1
& 2).   The population is split into two main patches located  about  200 m  apart  along  a  small  gully.	A third, smaller patch is located between the two larger patches.

3.3	Land Tenure and Zoning

Most of the population of Z. formosa occurs on land zoned Rural Residential, and a small number of plants are  on  land  zoned  Rural  1a.	The  land  on  which Z. buxijugum and Z. parrisiae occur is zoned Rural 1a. The  primary  objective  of  the  Rural  1a  zone  is  to enable the continuation of traditional forms of rural land  use  and  occupation.	Neither  zoning  has  any special requirements for the conservation of flora and fauna.

3.4	Habitat

Zieria formosa occurs on the north-east aspect of an upper, moderately steep slope of a ‘break-away’ area above  a  small valley.    The  soil is a skeletal, grey, sandy loam.  The site is strewn with broken ignimbrite rocks and boulders and there is much exposed surface rock.  The vegetation is a shrub-dominated community and	includes		Black	  Wattle	 (Acacia	mearnsii), Blackfellows’ Hemp (Commersonia fraseri), Large- leaf  Hop-bush  (Dodonaea  triquetra),  Snowy  Mint- bush	  (Prostanthera	nivea),	Sweet	  Pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum), White Kunzea (Kunzea ambigua),	Yellow		Tea-tree	(Leptospermum flavescens), Nodding Blue Lily (Stypandra glauca), Cockspur  Flower  (Plectranthus  parviflorus),  Rock Lily	   (Dendrobium	  speciosum),		Rock	Fern (Cheilanthes tenuifolia), Shrubby Platysace (Platysace lanceolata) and Tree Violet (Hymenanthera dentata).

Zieria buxijugum occurs on a steep slope with an easterly aspect on an ignimbrite rock outcrop.   The soil  is  a  skeletal  brown  loam  with  a  high  organic matter  content.	There  is  much  exposed  ignimbrite rock.  The vegetation is a shrub community dominated by Bracelet Honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris) and has a sparse shrub layer including Shiny Cassinia (Cassinia longifolia), Cockspur Flower, (Plectranthus parviflorus), Violet Daisy-bush (Olearia iodochroa), Shrubby Platysace (Platysace lanceolata) and Rock Lily (Dendrobium speciosum).  The shrub community is surrounded by Silvertop Ash (Eucalyptus sieberi) – Yellow Stringybark (E. muelleriana) open-forest.

east-facing mid slope of a steep hillside above a small creek.	The  soil  is  a  skeletal,  grey  loam  overlying rhyolite rock.  The site is strewn with broken rhyolite rocks   and   boulders.   The   species   occurs   in   an intergrade zone between a shrub community and open- forest.		The   shrub   community   is   dominated   by Bracelet Honey-myrtle (Melaleuca armillaris), White Kunzea (Kunzea ambigua) and Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii).	Other  associated  species  include  Shiny Cassinia (Cassinia longifolia), Cockspur Flower, (Plectranthus	parviflorus),	Blackfellows’	Hemp (Commersonia fraseri), Shrubby Platysace (Platysace lanceolata) and Rock Lily (Dendrobium speciosum). The adjacent open-forest is dominated by Yellow Stringybark (Eucalyptus muelleriana).

3.5	Ecology

General

The   mature   plants   of   all   three   species   flower prolifically and high levels of fruit set were observed in  1986/87  (Briggs,  pers.  comm.).	Seedlings  of varying size are present at all sites (see Table 2), suggesting some recruitment probably would occur in most years in the absence of browsing.

The plants of both Z. formosa and Z. buxijugum grow mainly in full sun, although some of the Z. buxijugum population receives part shade that is provided by associated  taller  shrubs.	Conditions  on  these  sites during  summer  would  be  extremely  hot,  and  often very dry.  Zieria parrisiae occurs as a midstorey shrub and  grows  in  partial  to  moderately  heavy  shade. Heavy frosts are uncommon at the three sites, and the driest conditions normally occur during winter.

Competition to seedlings and young plants from other native understorey species appears relatively low, as there is much exposed rock at the three sites and there are few other native sub-shrubs or herbaceous species present.

Following the 1997/98 drought there has been substantial death of the co-dominant shrub (mainly Yellow Tea-tree and White Kunzea) at the Z. formosa site, leaving few remaining live adult shrubs on that part of the slope which supports Z. formosa.

On the Z. parrisiae sites many of the large White Kunzea   and   Bracelet   Honey-myrtle   shrubs   have become senescent and have either died or have been blown over in storms in the past couple of years. This has resulted in a substantial thinning of the shrub overstorey  canopy  and  has  consequently  increased light penetration to the understorey.	This change in the micro-environment may well be beneficial to the survival	and	growth	of	the	numerous	young

Z. parrisiae plants that currently comprise the major portion of the population of this species.

Life Cycle

Zieria	parrisiae	commences	flowering	in	late September and flowering extends through to early November.	Z.  buxijugum  and  Z.  formosa  flower mainly in  September, with flowering in  Z. formosa extending into October.  The three species are almost certainly insect pollinated, and native bees, hover flies and blowflies have been observed visiting the flowers. Fruit at all stages through to maturity can be found on plants still producing flowers in October.   The fruits develop and ripen rapidly, and seed shed appears to be mostly complete by the end of December.

Seven   plants   (representing   three   genotypes)   of Z. formosa,	eight	  plants	(one	genotype)	   of Z. buxijugum	  and	27	plants	(representing	five genotypes)  of  Z. parrisiae  are  still  growing  at  the Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) from cuttings taken in 1986.  These plants have survived 15 years in cultivation in the relatively harsh climate of Canberra where winters are much colder than those that would  be experienced in the natural habitat of these species.

Individuals have not been regularly monitored in the field, but the four large, relatively undamaged plants of Z. parrisiae observed in 1986 were still healthy in April 2001.  Given the large size to which Z. parrisiae grows and the slow growth that has taken place over the past 15 years, it would appear that this species

might  live  for  50  years,  or  more.	The  other  two species probably live to at least 20 to 30 years old, but there are little data on which to base these estimates.

Population Structure and Population Trends

The number of adult plants (>1 m in height) recorded in 1987 by Briggs & Leigh (1990) for the three species is presented in Table 1.  Height-class data for each of the species, as measured by Briggs and Wright (unpublished  data)  in  April  2001,  are  presented  in Table 2.

The   70%   reduction   in   the   adult   population   of Z. formosa (plants over 1 m in height) from 125 plants in 1987 to 38 in 2001 was primarily due to death of adults during a drought in 1997/98.  At the time of a survey of the population in 1999 by Briggs & Smith (unpublished  data),  74  dead  shrubs  of  this  species were  still  clearly  recognisable,  but  two  years  later these  have  now  largely  decomposed.	Fortunately there has been vigorous seedling regeneration since the 1997/98 drought, and this is reflected in the relatively large number of individuals in the lower height classes.

The 53% reduction in the number of Zieria buxijugum
plants from 68 in 1986 to 32 plants over 1 m high in
2001  is  a  recent  event,  and  has  been  caused  by browsing damage sustained during the winter of 2000. At that time, the stems of many of the Zieria plants were  pruned  off,  or  have  subsequently  died-back following the browsing damage.   Prior to that event, Briggs  &  Smith  (unpublished  data)  recorded  121 plants  over  1  m  high  in
1999.  At that time there had

Table 1.  Number of plants (adults) of Z. formosa, Zieria buxijugum and Z. parrisiae
in 1987.

	Z. formosa	Z. buxijugum	Z. parrisiae	
No. of adults
(1 m + high)	125	68	4   (plus   36   resprouting
stumps)	

Source. Briggs & Leigh (1990)

Table 2: Population structure of Zieria formosa, Z. buxijugum  and Z. parrisiae in

Species	Plant height class	Total population	
	< 0.2 m	0.2 – 0.5 m	0.5 – 1 m	> 1 m		
Zieria formosa						
Section (Su)*	95	135	153	37	420	
Section (St)*	219	82	11	0	312	
Section (Po)*	3	1	0	1	5	
Total	317	218	164	38	737	
% of Total	43%	30%	22%	5%		
						
Zieria buxijugum						
Total	78	131	64	32	305	
% of Total	26%	43%	21%	10%		
						
Zieria parrisiae						
Sub-popltn lower	39	16	16	21	92	
Sub-popltn middle	2	0	1	4	7	
Sub-popltn upper	77	23	11	11	122	
Total	118	39	28	36	221	
% of Total	53%	18%	13%	16%		

2001.

been a 78% increase in the population  since  1987.		It can  be  seen  from  Table 2 that there are still numerous individuals in all the smaller height classes, giving the species	  potential	for substantial recruitment into the taller height class and restoring	the	number	 of
‘adult’ plants to a similar or higher number than that recorded in 1999.  It is to be noted that currently only five Z. buxijugum plants are over
2 m in height. Because of their height these few plants are less susceptible to heavy browsing than the rest of the population.

There has been a substantial increase  (from  4  to  36)  in the   number   of   plants   of Z. parrisiae  over  1  m  high

since 1987, although it should be noted that only half of these plants are more than 1.5 m in height, and these are not yet likely to contribute substantially to seed  production.	The  four  adults  of  Z.  parrisiae recorded   by   Briggs   &   Leigh   in   1986   are   still surviving,  and  these  are  now  between  3.95  m  and
4.2 m   in   height.	The   population   structure   of Z. parrisiae is currently skewed to the smaller height classes, with 53% of the population being seedlings less than 20 cm high.

Disturbance Regimes

Zieria  formosa  appears  to  be  relatively  unpalatable and shows little sign of being browsed by native or introduced animals.

Prior  to  winter  2000,  Z. buxijugum  had  not  shown signs of significant browsing damage, however since then all but the five largest plants have been severely browsed,  apparently  by  Swamp  Wallabies.	This browsing event had largely ceased during the first half of 2001.  Based on observations made in 1986/87 and over   the   past   four   years,   heavy   browsing   of Z. buxijugum may only be an intermittent disturbance event, but this may well significantly reduce seed production for more than one year following such activity.

Browsing by goats in the mid 1980s had a major adverse impact on the adult population of Zieria parrisiae, with all but four of the tallest plants having been smashed and browsed to near ground level.  Field observations since 1996 indicate that browsing by Swamp Wallabies is having an ongoing adverse effect on the growth and survival of Z. parrisiae seedlings and young plants through the constant ‘nipping off’ of the seedlings as they produce new growth.

Whilst a drought in 1997/98 had a major impact on the adult population of Z. formosa, this drought did not appear to have a significant affect on the other two species.

There is no direct observation on the effects of fire intensity, seasonality or frequency of fire events on any of these species.   However, on the sites where Z. parrisiae and Z. buxijugum occur, the presence of very large individuals of other fire sensitive species indicates that the sites have not been burnt for several decades.  It is predicted that these communities would be very slow to recover from fire (Briggs and Leigh
1990).

3.6	Ability of Species to Recover

The current small number of large, reproductively mature plants for each species is a concern, in that production of seed is presently very limited and localised  on  each  of  the  sites.	Unless  there  are significant  levels  of  soil-stored  seed  (an  unknown

factor at present), currently low levels of seed production are likely to limit future recruitment.  The development of more plants into large, reproductively mature plants will be important to restore seed production to what is likely to be more normal and desirable   levels.	Fortunately,   the   three   species currently have substantial numbers of plants in the seedling and lower height classes, indicating all have the ability to recruit given an adequate seed source and favourable conditions.   Providing the threats detailed below are removed or adequately controlled there is no  strong  reason  why  many  of  the  plants  in  these lower	size	classes	would	not	develop	into reproductively mature individuals, and a more robust population structure be restored.

4	Management Issues and Threats

4.1	General

The overarching conservation concern with all three of these  species  is  the  small  total population  size,  the current low numbers of large, reproductively mature plants and the extremely small area occupied by each species.  This makes each species very susceptible to extinction	through	stochastic	events	such	as disturbance  from wildfire,  drought and severe browsing.

Drought appears to be a natural threat, particularly for Z. formosa, as tolerance of adults to extremely dry conditions, such as those experienced on the site in
1997/98, has been demonstrated to be low.

In more recent years browsing by Swamp Wallabies has   probably   become   a   more   serious   threat   to Z. buxijugum and Z. parrisiae than it would have been prior to European settlement.  This threat is suspected to have increased due to numbers of wallabies in the area	having	increased	with	the	clearing	and establishment of pasture on nearby farmland, coupled with a general rural community trend in recent years to less frequent shooting of these animals.

4.2	Zieria formosa

More   than   two   thirds   of   the   mature   population recorded in 1987 (125 plants) died as a result of the
1997/8  drought.	The  large  number  of  seedlings  is encouraging, but survival rates of this recruitment may depend on continuing favourable seasonal conditions and continuing low levels of browsing by wallabies and rabbits, which are both present at the site.

In 1999 the land surrounding the site was the subject of   a   Rural   Residential   subdivision   application. Without appropriate controls, there is potential for this subdivision   to   indirectly   impact   on   the   species, through   increased   nutrients   and   sediments   being carried  on  to  the  site  via  a  small  creek  draining

through	the	 site	from	the	proposed	adjacent subdivision.	Weed  infestation  could  subsequently become a problem for a section of the population that occurs along a drainage line.  BVSC has thus imposed some   specific   controls   on   the   development   to minimize potential indirect impacts on Z. formosa. These  controls  are  detailed  in  section  5  of  this Recovery Plan.

4.3	Zieria buxijugum

The  Z.  buxijugum  population  is  in  an  area  not currently  subject  to  domestic  stock  grazing,  nor  is there likely to be any in this area. Prior to winter 2000 there appeared to be no immediate specific threat to this species, however the severe browsing damage caused  by  wallabies  at  that  time  has  had  a  major impact on most plants, and few are expected to flower in spring 2001. Providing such browsing events occur only every few years then the majority of plants could be expected to recover in the intervening periods and the population remain reasonably stable.   Monitoring will be important to determine whether the frequency and impact of possible future browsing events is becoming a significant threat requiring management action.

Fires  of  low  to  moderate  intensity  are  unlikely  to impact on  the  entire population, as the site is very rocky and unlikely to carry a fire across the whole of the habitat.

4.4	Zieria parrisiae

The major ongoing threat appears to be browsing by wallabies.   Both young plants and seedlings are still being severely effected by browsing.  The most likely current cause is macropods (an automatically triggered camera placed at the site during 1999 has recorded a Swamp Wallaby adjacent to a browsed Zieria plant and goat dung is no longer evident).  Because there are so   few   large,   reproductively   mature   plants,   this ongoing browsing is considered a significant threat, particularly as it appears to be slowing the rate of movement of seedlings and smaller plants into the larger size classes.

In  1999  leaf-eating  insects  were  observed  to  be causing substantial leaf-area loss, particularly on some young  plants.   Such  damage  has been considerably less during 2001.

5	Previous Recovery Actions

All species
•	Initial population counts for all three species were undertaken in 1986 and 1987 by Briggs & Leigh (1990) (see Table 1).

•	In 1986 propagating material was collected from all three species in order to establish ex-situ collections  at  both  the  ANBG  and  the  Mount

Annan annex of the Royal Botanic Gardens (MABG).	The   surviving   ex-situ   collections currently held at each of these institutions are as follows (Stig Pedersen (ANBG), pers. comm.; Richard Johnston (MABG), pers. comm.).

Z. buxijugum
34 plants of a single genotype at ANBG and 18 plants from a single genotype at MABG. The genotype at ANBG is from a different parent than that at MABG.

Z. formosa
6 genotypes at ANBG, with the numbers of plants from the various genotypes being 74, 20,
18, 6, 3 & 1.  3 genotypes at MABG, one of 3 plants,  the  others  of  2  plants  each.	The genotypes at ANBG are from different parents than those at MABG.

Z. parrisiae
6 genotypes at ANBG, with the numbers of plants from the various genotypes being 26, 19,
17,  14,  6  &  5.	1  genotype  of  4  plants  at MABG.   The genotype at MABG is from the same parent as one of the ANBG genotypes.

•	The   adult   population   of   each   species   was recounted on February 4 and 5, 1999 by NSW NPWS.

•	In  March  and  April  2001,  NPWS  undertook detailed population counts for the three species, allocating plants to one of four height classes (see Table 2).

•	In March and April 2001, NPWS established three monitoring plots in the populations of Z. formosa and Z. buxijugum.  For each plot the heights of all plants were measured, and the plants tagged and mapped.   In the case of Z. parrisiae, the entire population was measured, tagged and mapped.

Zieria formosa
•	BVSC imposed several controls on a Development Application lodged in 1999 for a Rural Residential subdivision   adjacent   to   the   area   supporting Z. formosa.	These	measures	included	(1) specifying the location of building envelopes so as to ensure drainage from those sites does not flow onto habitat of Z. formosa habitat, (2) changing the location  of  the  access  road  to  avoid  sediment runoff from the gravel road onto the Zieria site, and (3) a requirement for BVSC consent to clear native vegetation.

Zieria buxijugum
•		In   April  2001  NPWS  installed  10  wire  mesh guards around selected Z. buxijugum plants to protect  them  from  browsing  by  wallabies.	The plants chosen for protection were scattered across

the site, with the aim of ensuring a source of seed- producing plants would remain across the site in case there are further severe browsing events.   If further severe browsing does occur, then it is expected that protection of some large seed- producing plants will assist future seedling recruitment and population recovery.

Zieria parrisiae
•	Goats   were   eradicated   from   the   site   by   the landowner in 1987/88.  Goats were considered the main threat at that stage.

•	The population was revisited a few times between February 6 and August 8, 1999, and searches made for  the  two  sites  recorded  in  1987.		Both  the previously known sites were eventually found and the   population   size   determined.	Mr   Chris Parramore also located a small colony of plants of Z. parrisiae at Box Range between February 8 and
18, 1999 that had not been found in 1986/87.

•	Wire mesh guards were installed during 1999 to protect  some  of  the  seedlings  and  young  plants from   browsing   by   wallabies.	Several   other seedlings were protected by placing branches of dead shrubs over the Zieria seedlings to discourage wallabies from feeding on them.

6	Proposed Recovery Objectives, Actions and Performance Criteria for 2001-2005

and has been seriously considered.  However, because

The  overall  objective  of  this  Recovery  Plan  is  to ensure that the adult populations of Z. formosa and Z. buxijugum  (reproductive  plants  >1  m  in  height) increase to at least those levels recorded by Briggs & Leigh (1990) in the mid 1980s, and that there is a substantial increase (approximately 300%) in the current number of adult plants of Z. parrisiae.

Due to the extremely restricted distribution and small population sizes, it is not envisaged that these species will ever qualify for removal from the Schedules of the TSC or EPBC Act.

Specific Objective 1: Control known threats

Action 1.1: Construct wallaby-proof fences around	the	three	sub-populations	of Z. parrisiae.

Due  to  the  extremely  low  numbers  of  reproductive Z. parrisiae individuals, all possible measures will be used  to  increase  survival  of  seedlings  and  young plants.	All  the  sub-populations  have  experienced severe browsing by wallabies.  It is therefore proposed to construct a wallaby-proof fence around each of the three sub-populations in an effort to reduce this threat. The individual wire mesh guards which were placed around selected Z. parrisiae plants in 1999 will be left in  place  as  additional  protection  against  browsing. Z. formosa  seedlings  are  also  occasionally  browsed, but currently the impact of this on recruitment does not appear to be significant and there does not appear to be a need to control browsing by native animals.

Performance Criterion 1.1

A wallaby-proof perimeter fence is constructed around each  of  the  three  sub-populations  of  Z.  parrisiae within one year of the approval of this Plan.

Action 1.2: Afford, if required, protection to additional selected Z. buxijugum plants using individual wire mesh guards.

Recent heavy browsing by wallabies has had a major impact on Z. buxijugum plants.  In April 2001, 10 wire mesh guards were installed to protect from further damage a selection of Zieria plants distributed across the range of the population.   This action will allow some plants to flower and produce seed if heavy browsing re-occurs and will increase the potential for future  seedling  recruitment.	If  heavy  browsing  re- occurs at frequent intervals, then it may be necessary to  install  additional  wire  mesh  guards  to  protect  a larger portion of the population.

Fencing of the whole of the population is desirable,

of  the  very  steep,  rocky  and  uneven  nature  of  the terrain in the vicinity of the population, this would be a very difficult and expensive task.  This option should be  reconsidered  if  severe  browsing  proves  to  be  a major ongoing threat which can not be adequately ameliorated through the individual protection (using wire mesh guards) of sufficient reproductive adults.

Performance Criterion 1.2

If monitoring indicates the need, additional individual wire mesh guards are in place within one year of the determination of this need.

Specific Objective 2: Monitoring

Action 2: Establish and maintain a regular monitoring program.

Initially the populations should be monitored every six months to determine mortality and recruitment rates. This monitoring will be used to determine the effectiveness of management actions taken to increase recruitment  and  survival  rates.	This  is  particularly important for Z. parrisiae and Z. buxijugum.  Detailed monitoring  should  be  carried  out  on  a  number  of Z. parrisiae and Z. buxijugum seedlings to determine growth rates, mortality and the likely causes of any loss   of   plants.		As   knowledge   increases   and confidence	in	management	actions	improves, monitoring frequency could be reduced to annually.

Performance Criterion 2

A detailed population census is conducted every six months for at least the first two years of this Plan, and subsequently annually for the life of this Plan.

Specific   Objective   3:   Determine   for   each species	whether	an	ex-situ	population	is required/desirable and if so, establish one.

Action 3.1: Review the results of Action 2 for each of the three species and determine the need for expansion of ex-situ conservation efforts.

If there is continued decline in the reproductive adult population size of any of these three species despite management efforts, then an expansion of the current ex-situ population should be undertaken.  This may be necessary   for   Z. parrisiae   and   Z.   buxijugum   in particular, as the number of adults is currently very low for these species.
Such   an   ex-situ   collection   could   include   both increasing  the  numbers  of  live  plants  and  also  the

establishment of a seed bank   An expanded ex-situ collection would serve primarily as a source of propagating material which could then be used in the propagation  of  plants  for  reintroduction  into  the natural site in the event of a catastrophic reduction in the size of the natural population.   Such an event is more  likely  if  the  natural  population,  remains  very low.  An expanded ex-situ population should represent the range of genetic diversity in the wild.

Performance Criterion 3.1

Within three years of the approval of this Plan the need for ex-situ conservation has been assessed.

Action 3.2: If required, establish ex-situ populations and maintain for the purposes of recovery and research.

If the results from Action 3.1 dictate that ex-situ populations are required, then botanical gardens will be approached to establish ex-situ populations from either cuttings or seed.  Appropriate locations for any ex-situ populations will also need to be determined.

Performance Criterion 3.2

If determined necessary (Action 3.1), appropriately located ex-situ populations are established within four years.

Specific Objective 4: Establish medium and long term security for  sites containing these species

Action 4.1: Seek agreement from landowners to  the establishment of  medium and long term	protection	for	all	three	sites. Implement these protective mechanisms where agreement is reached.

At this time, the continued recovery of these species is subject to the good will of the landowners.  Although three of the four landowners have expressed their support for efforts to protect these species, if the land were to change ownership, this situation could change. Measures  to  ensure  the  medium  term  protection  of these species could include registering the areas as Wildlife   Refuges   or   entering   into   a   Property Agreement  under  the  provisions  of  the  NVC  Act. Long-term protection of these sites could be achieved through Voluntary Conservation Agreements between the owners and NPWS.

Performance Criterion 4.1

Discussions between NPWS and the landholders have been held within five years to seek medium/long term protection	of	sites	from	adverse	changes	in management regimes or from possible adverse developments.  Implement these measures within five years where agreement is reached.

Action 4.2: Bega Valley Shire Council to include an advisory note recording the presence of  these species on Section 149
Certificates for the relevant properties.

Although the current landowners are aware, and are supportive of the protection of these species on their land, it is important that future potential purchasers of the properties are made aware of the presence of these species at an early stage.   Council staff also change over time and it is also important that BVSC is automatically alerted to the presence of these species should any Development Applications be submitted which might affect them.  The recording by BVSC of the   presence   of   these   species   on   section   149
Certificates   under   the   provisions   of   the   Local
Government Act will assist in achieving this.

Performance Criterion 4.2

Within two years BVSC have recorded the presence of these species on s.149 Certificates for the relevant properties.

Action  4.3:  Identification and  nomination of
Critical Habitat

The NPWS will consider the benefits of nominating Critical	Habitat	and,	if   appropriate   and    after consultation	with	the		landowners,	make	a recommendation to the Minister regarding what area should be listed.

Performance Criterion 4.3

Within five years NPWS will have made a decision as to whether to recommend to the NSW Minister for the Environment the listing of areas of Critical Habitat for each of the three species.

Specific Objective 5: Maintenance of an effective liaison between NPWS and the landowners.

Action	5:	NPWS	to	maintain	regular communication with the landholders

Communications are required on a regular basis (at least twice yearly) to review progress of the recovery program   and   ensure   the   landowners   are   fully informed.

Performance Criterion 5
NPWS is in contact with the landowners at least twice yearly for the life of this Plan.

7	Implementation	12   References

Table  1  outlines  the  implementation  of  recovery actions specified in this Plan for the period of five years from publication.

8	Social and Economic Consequences

The	social		and	economic	consequences	of implementing   this   Plan   are   minimal,   given   the restricted  distribution  of  the  species.	None  of  the species occur on land suitable for any form of agriculture.  Restriction of mining of rhyolite on Box Range farm may cause the loss of some income to the landowner.	Due  to  the  extremely  rocky  and  steep nature of the habitat occupied by Z. formosa, it is unlikely that the presence of the species will impose major constraints to likely proposals for the siting and construction of dwellings on these rural residential blocks.

Armstrong,	J.A.	(2002).	The	Genus	ZIERIA (Rutaceae):  A systematic and Evolutionary Study. Aust. Sys. Bot (in press).

Briggs, J.D. & Leigh J.H. (1990). Delineation of Important Habitats of Threatened Plant Species in South-Eastern New South Wales, 312 pp. Research Report to the Australian Heritage Commission. (CSIRO: Canberra).

Briggs, J.D. & Leigh J.H. (1996). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants; 1995 revised edition. (CSIRO: Melbourne).

13   Acronyms Used in this Document ANBG – Australian National Botanic Gardens BVSC – Bega Valley Shire Council
DLWC  –  NSW  Department  of  Land  and  Water
Conservation

9	Biodiversity Benefits	EP&A  Act  –  NSW  Environmental  Planning  and

The  protection  of  these  three  species  will  in  turn protect the rock outcrop communities in which they occur.  The shrub communities that occur on rhyolite rock outcrops on the NSW South Coast are uncommon and localised and often also support other rare or threatened species.

10   Preparation Details

This Recovery Plan was prepared by John Briggs and Genevieve Wright, Threatened Species Unit, NPWS Southern Directorate, in consultation with the owners of the land on which these species occur.   The Plan was edited by Michael Saxon (NPWS).

Assessment Act 1979

EPBC Act – Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

ESD - Ecologically Sustainable Development

MABG – Mount Annan Botanic Gardens

NPW Act – NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act
1974

NPWS – NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service

NVC Act – NSW Native Vegetation Conservation Act
1997

TSC Act – NSW Threatened Species Conservation
Act 1995

11   Review Date

In relation to its status as the State-endorsed Recovery Plan for Zieria formosa, Zieria buxijugum and Zieria parrisiae, any major changes to this Recovery Plan will require the revised Plan to be placed on public exhibition in NSW and re-approval by the NSW Minister   for   the   Environment.	The   NPWS   or Environment Australia should be contacted if it is believed any change to the Recovery Plan or to the Recovery   Program   should   be   considered.	This Recovery  Plan  is  to  be  formally  reviewed  by  the NPWS in conjunction with the landowners within five years from the date of its publication.

Table 2: Estimated costs, funding source and responsible parties for implementing the actions identified in the Recovery Plan for Z. formosa , Z. buxijugum & Z. parrisiae.

Action
No.	Action Description	*Priority	^Feasibility	Responsible
Party	Fund source	Cost Estimate  ($/year)	Total Cost
($)	
						2001	2002	2003	2004	2005		

1.1	Construct and maintain wallaby-proof
fences	
1	
80%	
NPWS	
‘in kind’	
700	
700	
700	
700	
700	
3,500	
				Contractor	NHT1	13,000	1,000				14,000	

1.2	Afford, if required, protection to additional Z. buxijugum plants using individual wire mesh guards.	
1	
90%	
NPWS	
‘in kind’		
350				
350	
					NHT1		700				700	
2	Monitoring	
2	
100%	
NPWS	‘in kind’	1,400	1,400	1,400	1,400	1,400	7,000	
					NHT1	2,100	2,100				4,200	
					Cash			1,400	1,400	1,400	4,200	
3.1	Determine need for ex-situ collections	2	90%	NPWS	NHT1		350				350	
					‘in kind’			350			350	

3.2	If necessary, establish ex-situ
collections	
2	
80%	
NPWS	
‘in kind’			‹	‹		‹	
				Botanic Gardens	Cash			Uncosted	Uncosted		Uncosted	

4.1	Discuss with landowners the
establishment of medium and long term protection of the sites & formalise agreed actions	

2	

80%	

NPWS	

‘in kind’		

350	

350	

1,050	

1,400	

3,150	

4.2	BVSC to record sites on s.149
Certificates	
2	
100%	
BVSC	
‘in kind’		
350				
350	

4.3	Consider identification and nomination
of Critical Habitat	
2	
100%	
NPWS	
‘in kind’				
350	
Uncosted	
350	

5	Maintain effective liaison between
NPWS and the landowners.	
2	
80%	
NPWS	
‘in kind’	
350	
350	
350	
350	
350	
1,750	
	
Annual and total cost of the Zieria multi-species  Recovery Program				NHT1	15,100	4,150				19,250	
					‘in kind’	2,450	3,500	3,850	4,200	3,850	17,850	
					Cash			1,400	1,400	1,400	4,200	
					TOTAL	17,550	7,650	5,250	5,600	5,250	41,300	

700

350

1,050

14

15	Costing Explanations

Where fund source is listed as Cash, funding will be sought from sources such as Natural Heritage Trust, industry sponsors, the NSW State Biodiversity Program and NPWS
annual provisions for implementation of threatened species programs.

Salary for ‘in-kind’ contributions is calculated at $350 per day, which includes officer salary and on-costs, provision of office space, vehicles, administration support and staff management.
1 Actions already approved for funding from the Commonwealth Natural Heritage Trust Endangered Species Program.

‹ This money will only be required if the results of Action 3.1 indicate that ex-situ conservation measures are required.

* Priority ratings as defined by Commonwealth Recovery Plan guidelines: 1 - action critical to prevent extinction, 2 - action prevents negative impact short of extinction,

^Feasibility assessment reflects estimated chance of success of the action on a scale of 0-100%.

NSW NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SEIWICE

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